Te Pānga o te Parahanga o te Hau ki ngā Tipu
I tēnei ao hou, kua tino pāngia te kounga o te hau e ngā whanaketanga tere o ngā ahumahi me ngā waka i ngā wāhanga maha o te ao. Ko te parahanga o te hau, e tohuhia ana e te noho mai o ngā poke kino pēnei i te hauota waikura (NOx), te whanariki hauhā (SO2), te ozone (O3), me ngā matūriki iti (PM10 me te PM2.5), ehara i te mea he mōrearea noa ki te hauora o te tangata engari he kino nui hoki ki ngā rauropi, tae atu ki ngā tipu. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā pānga o te parahanga o te hau ki ngā tipu mai i te tirohanga ā-tinana, ā-tinana, me te ā-taiao.
1. Te Pānga o te Parahanga Hau ki te Ahurea o ngā Tipu
Ka taea e ngā poke pēnei i te ozone me te whanariki hauhā te whakararuraru i ngā tipu. Hei tauira, he matū whakahāwea kaha te ozone ka taea te uru ki roto i ngā stomata rau ka pakaru ai ngā pūtau. Ko ngā tipu e pāngia ana e te nui o te ozone ka whakaatu i ngā tohu o te necrosis (mate pūtau), te chlorosis (te kōwhai o ngā rau), me te whakaiti i te photosynthesis.
Ko te hauhā whanariki ia, ka neke mā roto i ngā stomata o ngā tipu ka rewa ki roto i te wai pūtau hei hanga waikawa whanariki. Kātahi ka pakaru ngā whākōkī me ngā kiriuhi pūtau e tēnei waikawa whanariki, ka whakararuraru i te photosynthesis me te manawa o ngā tipu. Ko ngā tohu noa e kitea ana i roto i ngā tipu e pāngia ana e te SO2 ko ngā ira mā, parauri rānei i runga i ngā rau me te hinga wawe o ngā rau.
Ka taea hoki e te hauota hauota (NO2) te uru ki roto i ngā tipu mā roto i ngā stomata, ka pā kino ki ngā pūtau ka aukati i ngā tukanga ā-tinana, tae atu ki te photosynthesis. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te pānga o te NOx te whakanui ake i te waikawa o te oneone, ka pā ki te mimiti o ngā matūkai e ngā pakiaka tipu.
2. Te Pānga o te Parahanga Hau ki te Āhua o ngā Tipu
I runga i te āhua o te tinana, tera pea ka kitea he rerekētanga nui i ngā tipu e pāngia ana e te parahanga o te hau. Tērā pea ka rerekē te whanaketanga o ngā rau, ngā kakau, me ngā pakiaka i ērā e noho ana i roto i ngā taiao hau ma. Hei tauira, ka taea e te parahanga hau mau tonu te whakaroa i te tipu o ngā rau, ka puta hoki ngā huringa ki te tae me te hanganga o te mata o ngā rau, ka nui ake te ngāwari o te pāngia e ngā mate me ngā pepeke.
Ka taea hoki e ngā poke te whakararuraru i te tipu o ngā manga me ngā kakau o ngā tipu. I ētahi wā, ka whakaitihia te whānui o te kakau me te pakiaka e te poke o te hau nā te mea kua heke te hanganga o te lignin, he wāhanga matua o te hanganga rakau o ngā tipu. Ka taea e te tipu pakiaka whakaroa te whakaiti i te kaha o te tipu ki te mimiti i te wai me ngā matūkai mai i te oneone, ā, ka pā ki te tipu katoa o te tipu.
3. Te Pānga o te Parahanga Hau mai i te Tirohanga Taiao
Ehara i te mea ko ngā tipu takitahi anake te pānga o te parahanga hau engari ko te pūnaha rauropi katoa. Mā te hekenga o te hauora o tētahi momo tipu ka rerekē pea ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā momo, ngā whanaketanga taupori, me te hanganga o ngā hapori tipu i roto i tētahi kāinga noho. Hei tauira, ko ētahi momo tipu ka kaha ake te ātete ki te parahanga hau, ā, ka noho pea ki ngā wāhi i mua i nohoia e ngā momo tairongo ake ki te parahanga.
Ka pāngia hoki ngā kararehe e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tipu hei kai, hei nohoanga rānei. Mā te hekenga o te kounga me te rahinga o ngā tipu kai ka heke te maha o ngā taupori kai otaota, ka pāngia hoki ā rātou kaipahua. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā panonitanga o te kanorau me te hua o ngā tipu ka pā ki ngā ratonga rauropi pērā i te rokiroki waro, te whakahaere i te horo, me te huringa wai.
4. Ngā Mahi me ngā Rautaki Whakaiti i te Pāwera
Hei whakaiti i te pānga kino o te parahanga o te hau ki ngā tipu, he maha ngā rautaki kua whakawhanakehia. Ko tētahi rautaki ko te mahere i ngā rohe he nui ngā taumata parahanga, me te whakato i ngā momo tipu e ātete ana ki ngā parahanga ki aua rohe. Kua arohia hoki ngā rangahau ira ki te whakawhanake i ngā momo tipu e ātete ake ana ki te parahanga o te hau.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he mea nui ngā mahi hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga parahanga mai i tōna pūtake. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau ahumahi ma, te whakamahi i ngā wahie e pai ake ana ki te taiao, me te whakatinana i ngā ture tino pakari mō ngā tukunga hau mai i ngā waka me ngā wheketere. He mahi nui anō hoki tā ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere taiao ki te aroturuki i te kounga o te hau me te whakarato mōhiohio me te mātauranga ki te marea mō te hiranga o te pupuri i te kounga o te hau.
5. Ngā Kete Konukura me ngā Whakamahinga Papa
Hei tauira tuturu, me whakaaro tātou ki te āhuatanga o tētahi tāone nui pērā i a Beijing, Haina, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna taumata teitei o te parahanga hau. I ngā tau tata nei, kua noho a Beijing hei kaupapa matua mō ngā rangahau maha e tirotiro ana i te pānga o te parahanga hau ki te hauora o ngā tipu o te tāone. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he maha ngā momo rākau, pērā i te Populus spp. me te Salix babylonica, i pāngia e te iti o te tipu rau me te kino nui o ngā kiko nā te parahanga hau.
I Īnia, kua kitea hoki te hekenga o te hua me te kounga o ngā rau i ngā māra tī i Sikkim me Darjeeling nā te pānga o te parahanga o te hau. Ehara i te mea ko te hauora o ngā tipu anake te pānga o tēnei hekenga engari ko te ōhanga hoki o ngā hapori e whakawhirinaki ana ki te umanga tī.
6. Te Hiranga o te Māramatanga me te Mahi Ngātahi
Me whakapiki ake te mōhiotanga o te marea ki te pānga o te parahanga o te hau ki ngā tipu. Mā te mātauranga taiao i roto i ngā kura me ngā kaupapa a te marea e te kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere kore-kāwanatanga ka āwhina i te whakapiki ake i te mōhiotanga ki te hiranga o te kounga o te hau mō te hauora o ngā pūnaha rauropi tipu.
Me tere hoki te mahi tahi, pērā i ngā kaupapa whakamāori i ngā tāone nui e uru ana ki te whakato i ngā rākau ātete ki te parahanga i te taha o ngā huarahi tere me ngā wāhi ahumahi. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te kounga o te hau ā-rohe anake tēnei, engari ka puta hoki he painga anō pērā i te whakarato kāinga mō ngā kararehe mohoao me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga mō ngā kainoho o te tāone nui.
Whakamutunga
He nui ngā pānga o te parahanga hau ki te hauora me te tipu o ngā tipu. Mai i ngā huringa ā-tinana e aukati ana i te photosynthesis ki ngā pānga āhua e pā ana ki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu, me ngā pānga taiao e whakarerekē ana i te hanganga o ngā hapori tipu—e whakaatu ana tēnei katoa i te hiranga o te whakahaere i te parahanga hau. Ko ngā mahi whakaiti me te mōhiotanga ngātahi ki te hiranga o te hau ma he mahi nui hei tiaki i ngā tipu, ā, i te mutunga, te oranga o te tangata. Mā te mahi tahi kaha i waenga i ngā kaipūtaiao, ngā kāwanatanga, ngā ahumahi, me te marea, ka taea e tātou te whai wāhi atu ki tētahi taiao hauora ake, pumau ake hoki.
