Te Whakahaere i te Wai Para mō te Whakamakuku
Kei te piki haere te pēhanga o te wai mā mō te ahuwhenua nā te tipu o te taupori, te huringa āhuarangi, me te whakataetae mō te whakamahinga wai i waenga i ngā rāngai kāinga, ahumahi, me te ahuwhenua. I roto i te maha o ngā rohe, ko te whakamakuku te kaiwhakamahi wai nui rawa atu, engari he maha ngā wā kāore i te rawaka ngā puna wai mata me te wai whenua, inā koa i te wā maroke. I roto i tēnei horopaki, he otinga rautaki te whakamahi i te wai para e whakahaeretia tika ana mō te whakamakuku. Heoi, ko te whakatinanatanga o tēnei mahi me whai maimoatanga tika, aroturuki, me te whakahaere ture kia nui ake ai ngā painga me te whakahaere i ngā mōrearea.
Te mārama ki te wai para me tōna kaha mō te whakamakuku
Ko te wai para he wai para mai i ngā mahi a te tangata, ahakoa nō te whare, nō te arumoni, nō te ahumahi rānei. Mō te whakamakuku, ko ngā puna wai para o te whare (hei tauira, nō ngā wāhi noho) ko ngā wai para whakauru rānei kua tukatukahia i roto i te whare maimoatanga wai para (WWTP). Ko te wai para kua tukatukahia e kiia ana ko te wai hangarua, ko te wai whakahoki rānei. He nui tōna kaha nā te mea he pumau tonu tōna rahinga puta noa i te tau ki te whakataurite ki ngā puna wai ua, ā, ko tōna wāhi kei te tata ki ngā pokapū noho me te taha tata hoki ki ngā whenua ahuwhenua o te tāone nui.
Haunga te mea he puna wai, he maha ngā matūkai kei roto i te wai para kua tukatukahia pērā i te hauota (N), te whākōkī (P), me te pāhare pākawa (K), he mea pai mō ngā tipu. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā maniua matū me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa. Heoi anō, ka raru pea ēnei matūkai mēnā ka whakamahia nuitia, ka puta he tote, he kore taurite o ngā kai, he parahanga taiao rānei.
Ngā painga o te whakamahi i ngā wai para kua tukatukahia
He maha ngā painga o te whakahaere i ngā wai para mō te whakamakuku ina tika te mahi. Tuatahi, ka whakapai ake i te haumarutanga wai ahuwhenua. Ina heke te puna wai awa, ina heke rānei ngā taumata wai whenua o ngā puna, ka taea e te wai para kua rongoatia te whakarato i tētahi atu puna pono. Tuarua, ka whakaitihia te taumaha parahanga ki ngā wai. Engari i te tukuna ki ngā awa, ka taea te whakamahi anō i te wai kua rongoatia, ā, ka whakaitihia te eutrophication me te parahanga rauropi. Tuatoru, ka tāpiri uara ōhanga. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whiwhi puna wai utu nui ake, pumau ake hoki, ā, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere tāone te whakaiti i ngā utu wai para me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere wai.
Heoi, ka taea anake ēnei painga mēnā kei te whakamahia ngā pūnaha maimoatanga me te aroturuki e tika ana. Mā te whakamahi i te wai para me te kore maimoatanga, te whakamahi rānei i ngā paerewa ngoikore ka pā kino ki te hauora me te taiao.
Ngā mōrearea matua: te hauora, te whenua me ngā rauropi
Ko te mōrearea nui rawa atu i ahu mai i ngā moroiti mate (huakita, huaketo, pirinoa), ka taea te hora mā te whakapā tika, te tauhiuhi i te wai, te kai rānei i ngā hua kua poke. Haunga ngā mate, ko ētahi atu mōrearea ko ngā konganuku taumaha (hei tauira, te cadmium, te mata), ngā matū kino mai i ngā para ahumahi, ngā toenga rongoā, me ngā kirihou moroiti. Ki te kore e wehea te wai para, ā, ki te kore hoki e aroturukitia tōna pūtake, he uaua ki te whakahaere i tōna kounga.
Mō te oneone, ko ngā raruraru noa ko te tote (he nui te tote) me te wai tote (he nui te konutai), ka kino pea te hanganga o te oneone, ka whakaiti i te urunga mai o te wai, ka whakaiti hoki i te hua o te hua mō te wā roa. Ka taea hoki e te nui o ngā matūkai te uru ki roto i ngā wai, ka puta ai te puāwaitanga o te rimurimu. Nō reira, me uru ki te whakahaere te aroturuki i te kounga o te wai, ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, me ngā tikanga whakamakuku tika.
Ngā mahi tukatuka e hiahiatia ana
Me whakarite te taumata o te maimoatanga wai para mō te whakamakuku ki te momo hua, te tikanga whakamakuku, me te taumata o te pā atu ki te tangata. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā wāhanga maimoatanga ko:
1. Te maimoatanga tuatahi: te tātari me te taunga hei whakaiti i ngā totoka. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te aukati i ngā awaawa me ngā pūnaha whakamakuku.
2. Maimoatanga tuarua: he tukanga koiora hei whakaiti i ngā mea rauropi (BOD/COD) me ētahi mate urutā. He maha ngā whare maimoatanga wai para o ngā tāone e mahi ana i tēnei wā.
3. Maimoatanga tuatoru/matatau: te tātari, te whakaiti i ngā matūkai, me te patu huakita (hei tauira, te whakakōkōwai, te UV, te ozone) hei whakaiti i ngā mate pāwera. He mea tika tēnei mahi mēnā ka whakamahia te wai mō ngā hua e kainga matatia ana, mēnā rānei ka puta he haunga wai mā te whakamahi i te pūwero wai.
4. Maimoatanga tāpiri motuhake: mēnā he mōrearea kei roto i ngā konganuku taumaha, i ngā poke ahumahi rānei, me whakahaere te pūtake me ngā hangarau motuhake pēnei i te mimiti, te kiriuhi, te maimoatanga matū rānei.
Kāore e hiahiatia he utu nui mō te maimoatanga mena he tika te hoahoa. He pai ngā puna whakau, ngā repo kua hangaia, me ngā pūnaha tātari koiora hei huarahi kē atu mō ngā mahi iti ki te rahi, ahakoa he nui ake te whenua e hiahiatia ana.
Te whakatau i te pai mō ngā hua me ngā tikanga whakamakuku
Kāore e rite ngā mōrearea o ngā whakamahinga whakamakuku katoa. Ka piki ake te mōrearea ina pā te wai ki ngā wāhanga tipu ka taea te kai, inā koa ngā huawhenua rau me ngā hua ka kainga mata. Nō reira, ko ngā rautaki whakahaere e uru ana ki te whiriwhiri hua me ngā tikanga whakamahinga wai:
– Ngā hua iti-morearea: ngā hua ahumahi, ngā muka, ngā hua pūngao, ngā hua kai rānei ka tukatukahia i mua i te kai (hei tauira, te raihi, te kānga rānei, i runga i ngā mahi a te rohe).
– Ngā tikanga whakamakuku haumaru: he pai ake te whakamakuku maturuturu, te whakamakuku o raro rānei i te mata i ngā pūwero wai nā te mea ka whakaiti i te hau me te pā tika ki ngā rau, ki ngā hua rānei.
– Te wā hauhake: mā te whakarite i tētahi wā i waenga i te whakamakuku whakamutunga me te hauhake ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā mate urutā ki te mata o te tipu.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā momo hua whenua, ngā tikanga whakamakuku, me ngā taumata tukatuka, ka taea te hanga i ngā pūnaha kia haumaru, kia ōhanga hoki.
Te aroturuki i te kounga o te wai me te oneone
Kāore te whakahaere pai e mutu i te tukatuka tuatahi. He mea tika kia aroturukitia tonutia ngā tawhā matua, pēnei i:
– Koiora moroiti: ka whakamahia ngā tohu pēnei i te E. coli hei aromatawai i te poke o te paru.
– Matū: pH, kawe hiko (EC) hei tohu mō te tote, te ōwehenga mimiti konutai (SAR), te hauota me te whākōkī, me ngā konganuku taumaha mēnā he mōrearea mai i te ahumahi.
– Ā-tinana: ngā totoka katoa e iri ana (TSS) e pā ana ki te aukati i ngā whatunga whakamakuku.
Haunga te wai, me whakamātau hoki te oneone hei aroturuki i ngā ia o te tote, te konutai, me te kohikohinga o ngā konganuku taumaha. Hei tauira, ki te piki ake te EC o te oneone, me whakaaro pea ki ngā mahi whakatikatika pēnei i te tango tote, te whakapai ake i te rerenga wai, te whakamahi rānei i te gypsum mō ngā raruraru konutai.
Ngā āhuatanga whakahaere me te whakahaere
Ko te angitu o tēnei mahi e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te kāwanatanga. Me mārama te tangata e tika ana mō te kounga o te wai, te tohatoha, ngā utu, me ngā tirotiro. Kei roto i tētahi pūnaha pai ngā paerewa kounga mārama, he tikanga arotake, he whakangungu kaimahi pāmu, me tētahi hongere amuamu mō ngā take.
He mea nui anō hoki te whakahaere i te pūtake. Mēnā ka uru ngā wai para o te whare ki ngā wai para o ngā ahumahi me te kore e tika te maimoatanga, ka nui haere ngā mōrearea. Nō reira, he mea nui te wehewehe i ngā waikeri, te whakaae kia tukuna ngā wai para o ngā ahumahi, me te whakatinana i ngā ture kia pai ai te wai para kua rongoatia mō te whakamakuku.
Ngā mahi ā-marae hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea
I te taumata o te kaiahuwhenua, he maha ngā mahi māmā engari whai hua:
1. Whakamahia te whakamakuku maturuturu hei whakaiti i te pa o te wai ki ngā wāhanga o te tipu.
2. Kaua e whakamakuku i te wā e pupuhi ana ngā hau mēnā kei te whakamahi koe i te pūwero wai.
3. Whakatinanahia te akuaku o ngā kaimahi me ngā taputapu hauhake, tae atu ki ngā wāhi horoi ringa.
4. Whakaratohia he rohe ārai kia kore ai te wai e rere ki ngā puna wai ma, ki ngā wāhi noho rānei.
5. Whakatikatikahia te horopeta o te whakamakuku me te whakawairakau kia kore ai e nui rawa ngā matūkai.
Ka tautokohia e ēnei mahi te tukatuka hangarau, ā, ka āwhina hoki ki te pupuri i te whakapono o ngā kaihoko ki te haumaru o ngā hua ahuwhenua.
Te Katinga
He taahiraa pono te whakahaere i ngā wai para mō te whakamakuku hei whakatika i ngā wero o te korenga o te wai me te whakapai ake i te pumau o te ahuwhenua. He nui ngā painga: he pumau ake te puna wai, he whakaiti i te parahanga, me te whakamahinga o ōna matūkai. Heoi, me taurite ēnei painga ki te maimoatanga tika, te aroturuki i te kounga o te wai me te oneone, te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga whakamakuku haumaru, me te whakahaere kaha. Mā te huarahi whānui - mai i te pūtake ki te pāmu - ka taea e te wai para kua tukatukahia te noho hei rauemi whai hua, ehara i te para noa iho, me te tautoko i te whakaputa kai haumaru me te pumau.
