Te Whanaketanga o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga
Ko te ariā o te whanaketanga tētahi o ngā ariā pūtaiao tino nui, tino whai mana hoki i roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao. Mai i tōna whakaurunga mai e Charles Darwin i te rautau 19, kua whanakehia, kua whakatikatikaina hoki te ariā mā roto i ngā rangahau me ngā kitenga hou. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te whanaketanga o te ariā o te whanaketanga, mai i tōna ariā tuatahi ki ngā tūhuratanga hou e tautokona ana e ngā hangarau matatau.
Ngā Tīmatanga o te Whakaaro Whanaketanga
I mua noa atu i te whakaputanga a Darwin i tana pukapuka rongonui, On the Origin of Species, i te tau 1859, i tīmata te ariā o te whanaketanga. I roto i te rapunga whakaaro taiao Kariki tawhito, i whakatakoto a Anaximander i te whakaaro ka taea e ngā mea ora te huri i roto i te wā. Heoi, he whakaaro noa iho, he whakaaro matatika anō hoki tēnei, kaua ki te pūtaiao.
Tae noa ki te rautau 18 ka tīmata ngā kaipūtaiao pērā i a Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis rāua ko Erasmus Darwin (te koroua o Charles Darwin) ki te whakaaro ki te āheinga o ngā huringa i roto i ngā momo ora. I whakaarohia anō hoki e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, he tohunga taiao Wīwī, te ariā e taea ai e ngā rauropi ora te tuku i ngā āhuatanga i riro mai i a rātou i roto i ō rātou oranga ki ā rātou uri—he whakaaro e mōhiotia ana i nāianei ko te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga i riro mai. Ahakoa i kitea he hē, i āwhina āna whakaaro ki te whakatuwhera i te kōrero pūtaiao mō te huringa momo.
Te Huringa Tauira nā Charles Darwin
I puta te putanga nui rawa atu i te wā i whakatakoto ai a Charles Darwin i te ariā o te kōwhiringa taiao hei tikanga whanaketanga. I roto i tana haerenga e rima tau i runga i te HMS Beagle, inā koa āna kitenga i ngā Moutere o Galapagos, i kohia e Darwin he nui ngā raraunga mō te rerekētanga o ngā momo rite i roto i ngā taiao rerekē. I roto i te On the Origin of Species, i whakamārama a Darwin kāore ngā mea ora e noho pūmau. Ka huri rātou, ka urutau ki ō rātou taiao mā te tukanga kōwhiringa taiao—he nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā tāngata takitahi he pai ake ō rātou āhuatanga ki te ora me te whakaputa uri.
I tautokona anō ngā whakaaro o Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace, he tohunga taiao Ingarihi nāna i whakawhanake takitahi te ariā o te kōwhiringa taiao. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ēnei whakaaro e rua i tohu i tētahi wāhanga nui i roto i te koiora, i nekehia ai te arotahi mai i te tirohanga pūmau o ngā mea ora ki te māramatanga he hihiri te ora, ā, he whanake tonu.
Te Wā i Muri i a Darwin me te Hanganga Hou
I muri i te whakaputanga o te ariā a Darwin, i whakaae te nuinga o ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ariā o te whanaketanga, engari kāore i te mārama ngā tikanga tuku iho. Ko te kitenga a Gregor Mendel i ngā ture tuku iho i te tau 1865, kāore i tino mārama tae noa ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, he mea nui ki te whakamārama i te tuku iho o ngā āhuatanga.
I puta tētahi atu panonitanga nui i ngā tau 1930 me 1940 me te putanga mai o te Modern Synthesis, he wāhanga i whakakotahihia ai ngā ariā Darwinian me Mendelian. He mahi nui tā ngā kaipūtaiao pērā i a Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, me Sewall Wright i roto i te whanaketanga o tēnei synthesis. I whakaatuhia e te Modern Synthesis ko te kōwhiringa taiao, me te whakarerekētanga ira, te rere o te ira, me te whakakotahitanga anō, ngā mea matua e akiaki ana i te whanaketanga.
Ngā Whakatairanga i roto i te Koiora Ngota
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te koiora ngota, inā koa i muri i te kitenga o James Watson rāua ko Francis Crick i te hanganga o te DNA i te tau 1953, i whakakaha ake te turanga mō te ariā o te whanaketanga. Nā te kitenga o te DNA i homai he taunakitanga pakari mō te tukunga o ngā mōhiohio ira mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga, me te pānga o ngā whakarerekētanga ira ki te whanaketanga ngota.
I ngā tekau tau i muri mai, nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau raupapatanga ira i whakarei ake i tō tātou mōhiotanga ki te whanaketanga. Nā ngā rangahau ira-ira ngota i homai he māramatanga hou ki ngā whanaungatanga whanaketanga i waenga i ngā momo, ā, i whakatakoto i te huarahi mō ngā kaipūtaiao ki te mahere tika ake i te rākau o te ora.
Ngā Huarahi Neo-Darwinian me tua atu
I tēnei ao hou, kei te whanake tonu te ariā whanaketanga me te whakamahi i ngā ariā mai i ētahi atu mara, pērā i te epigenetics me te evo-devo (koiora whanaketanga whanaketanga). Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana te epigenetics ka taea te tuku iho i ngā whakarerekētanga matū ki te DNA e pā ana ki te whakaaturanga ira me te kore he huringa i roto i te raupapa DNA tonu. Ka tāpirihia e tēnei he taha hou ki tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā tikanga tuku iho me te whanaketanga.
Ka tirohia e Evo-devo te awe o te whanaketanga o ngā rauropi ki ngā tukanga whanaketanga o ngā rauropi, me te arotahi ki ngā huringa ira e pā nui ana ki te āhua o te tinana. Mā ngā kitenga i roto i te evo-devo ka whakamāramahia te pūtake o te kanorau o ngā momo ora e kitea ana e tātou i roto i te taiao.
Te Tūranga o te Hangarau me ngā Wero o te Ao
Mā ngā hangarau matatau o ēnei rā, pērā i te whakatika ira mā te CRISPR me te tātari rorohiko tere-teitei, ka huaki ake ngā whai wāhitanga hou ki te tūhura hohonu i te whanaketanga. Ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakahaere whakamātautau i roto i te taiwhanga hei tirotiro me pēhea te ārahi a ngā pēhanga kōwhiringa motuhake i te whanaketanga i te wā tūturu. I tētahi atu taha, mā ngā taputapu rorohiko ka taea te hanga anō i ngā tauira whanaketanga uaua me ngā whakatauira o ngā tukanga koiora.
Heoi anō, kei te tū tonu ngā wero ki te ariā o te whanaketanga, i te taha pūtaiao me te taha pāpori. I roto i te taha pūtaiao, kei te whai tonu ngā tohunga ki te mārama ake mō ngā momo kua ngaro, ngā kitenga hou o ngā kōiwi tawhito, me te pānga o ngā huringa āhuarangi o te ao ki te huarahi whanaketanga. I taua wā tonu, ko ngā tautohetohe mō te whakaae pāpori me te whakamahi hē i ngā ariā whanaketanga, pērā i roto i te horopaki o ngā mahi whakatipu uri o mua, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te whakaako me te hora tika o tēnei ariā.
Whakamutunga
Kua roa te whanaketanga o te ariā o te whanaketanga mai i tōna tīmatanga. Mai i te whakaaroaro matatika ki te pou matua o te koiora hou, ko te whanaketanga te turanga mō ngā momo mātauranga maha atu, pērā i te rauropi, te ira tangata, me te paleontology. I roto i ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā kitenga hou, kei te whakapai tonuhia te ariā. Ko te whānui o te whakaae me te māramatanga hohonu ki te ariā o te whanaketanga ehara i te mea ka homai he māramatanga ki ngā takenga mai o te ora engari ka ārahi hoki i a tātou ki te aro atu ki ngā wero taiao me te koiora ā muri ake nei. Hei tētahi o ngā ariā pūtaiao tino kaha me te whānui, kei te noho tonu te whanaketanga hei kaupapa whakamīharo me ngā kitenga hou.
