Hangarau Hanga Nakete Ika
Ko ngā nati ika he hua ika tukatuka kua hangaia, kua tāpirihia ngā mea kakara, kua pania ki te paraoa, kātahi ka tunua wāhanga (kua tunua i mua) kua tio rānei hei parai i te wā e kainga ana. I roto i te horopaki o te umanga kai hou, ehara i te mea he kai watea noa iho ngā nati ika, engari he tauira anō hoki o te whakamahinga o te hangarau muri-kotinga me te hangarau tukatuka hei whakanui ake i te uara tāpiri o ngā taonga hī ika. Mā te hangarau whakaputa tika, ka taea te huri i ngā ika pirau hei hua e roa ake ana te ora, e ātaahua ake ana, e pumau ana hoki te kounga.
1. Ngā Whakaritenga mō ngā Rauemi Mata me te Kounga Ika
Ko te angitu o te hanga ika, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o ngā rauemi mata. Me hou te ika e whakamahia ana, he āhua pīataata te kikokiko, he kakara ika hou, he mārama ngā kanohi, me ngā pihanga whero kanapa. Ko ngā ika e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tilapia, te catfish, te mackerel, te tāmure, te catfish, te tuna, me ētahi atu ika taketake he mārō te kikokiko. I runga i te tauine ahumahi, ka whakaarohia hoki e te kōwhiringa ika te wātea o te tau katoa, te pumau o te utu, me te hua mīti i muri i te tango taru.
Mō te haumaru kai, me tutuki i ngā ika ngā whakaritenga kia kore ai he matū kino (pērā i te formaldehyde), kia kore ai he konganuku taumaha i raro i ngā taumata paepae, kia kore ai hoki e pangia e te poke moroiti. He mea nui te whakahaere mekameka makariri mai i te hopunga ki te tukatuka hei pupuri i te kounga o te pūmua ika, nā te mea ka tere ake te tipu o te huakita i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka tere ake hoki te autolysis, ka heke ai te kounga.
2. Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Hangarau Naketi Ika
I roto i te hangarau, ko ngā nati ika he hua "whakauru mīti" he "whakapūmua pūmua" rānei e whakapakaritia ana mā te huri, te whakaranu, te tāpiri tote, me ngā mea here. Ka whai wāhi ngā pūmua myofibrillar i roto i te ika (hei tauira, te actin me te myosin) ki te hanganga o te ira ina werahia. Ka āwhina te tote ki te whakarewa i ngā pūmua myofibrillar, ka piri ake te paraoa pokepoke, ka māmā ake te hanga i tētahi whatunga kiato, ā, ka taea e ngā whakakī pēnei i te paraoa te whakapai ake i te kakano, te here i te wai, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa.
Ka whakawhirinaki hoki te hangarau nati ki tētahi tukanga paninga hei hanga i tētahi mata pakari i muri i te parai, me te tiaki anō hoki i te roto. Mō ngā hua tio, ka āwhina te hangarau tio-whakamatao tere ki te pupuri i te hanganga, te aukati i te tipu o ngā moroiti, me te pupuri i te kounga o ngā kare ā-roto i te wā e rongoa ana.
3. Ngā Wāhanga o te Tukanga Hanga Nati Ika
a. Te Whiwhi me te Whakarōpū
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te whiwhinga o te ika, te tirotiro kounga o te tinana, te wehewehe i te rahi, me te horoi. I roto i te ahumahi, ka uru pea tēnei wāhanga ki te tuhi i te pāmahana o ngā rauemi mata me te whakatinana i tētahi pūnaha whai. Kātahi ka rongoatia ngā ika ki ngā āhuatanga makariri (0–4°C) i mua i te tukatuka anō.
b. Te tango taru me te tapahi i ngā mea
Ka tangohia ngā ngako o te ika hei tango i ngā unahi, ngā puku, ngā pane, me ngā wheua. Ka mahia te tukanga tapatapahi hei whiwhi mīti ma. Ka rerekē te hua o te tapatapahi i runga i te momo ika. Kātahi ka tapatapahia te mīti kia ririki hei whakahaere i te huri. I ētahi tukanga, ka horoia te mīti hei tango i te toto, te ngako, me ētahi haunga ika, ahakoa ka taea e te horoi nui te whakaiti i te reka me te nui o ngā matūkai wairewa-wai.
c. Te Huri (Mincing)
Ka hurihia te mīti ika mā te whakamahi i te mīhini huri mīti, i te mīhini tapahi peihana rānei. Ko te whāinga he whakaiti i te rahi o te matūriki me te whakapai ake i te ōritetanga. I tēnei wā, me pupuri te pāmahana o te ranunga kia iti, nā te mea ka taea e te wera waku te whakararu i te mahi a te pūmua, te whakararu i ngā whakamomona, me te whakaiti i te ngāwari. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia e ngā ahumahi he hukapapa i te wā e huri ana hei whakahaere i te pāmahana me te whakanui ake i te nui o te makuku o te ranunga.
d. Te Whakaranu me te Hanga
Ka konatunatua te mīti kau ki te tote, ki ngā mea kakara, me ētahi atu tāpiringa. Ko ngā wāhanga hanga noa ko:
– Tote: ka āwhina i te tango pūmua, ka whakapakari hoki i te kakano.
– Ngā mea kakara (riki, pepa, huka, mea kakara): hei hanga reka.
– Paraoa whakakī (tapioka, witi, māngaro): whakapai ake i te kakano, pupuri wai.
– He hua manu, he pūmua rānei kua tāpirihia: ka whakapai ake i te here me te ngawari.
– Miraka, kirīmi rānei (whiringa): ka tāpiri i te reka reka.
– Ngā mea here/waikawa wai pērā i te carrageenan, te alginate rānei (i roto i ētahi ahumahi): ka whakanui ake i te ngāwari me te pumau.
Ko te mea nui mō tēnei mahi ko te taurite: ki te nui rawa te paraoa ka "parauri" te reka o ngā nati, ā, ka heke te reka o te ika, engari ki te iti rawa te mea here ka pakarukaru te kakano, ka ngawari hoki te pakaru i muri i te parai.
e. Te Whakangungu
Kātahi ka hangaia te paraoa pokepoke ki ngā rahi me ngā āhua motuhake: he rākau, he tapawhā, he porowhita, he āhua pūāhua rānei. I te kāinga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pokepoke māmā, engari ka whakamahia ngā mīhini ahumahi hei whakatutuki i ngā rahi ōrite me te whakapiki i te pai. Mā te ōrite o te āhua ka māmā ake te whakahaere i te tukanga tunu kai, ā, ka hua ake he kounga ōrite.
f. Te kōhua, te tunu rānei i mua i te tunu
He maha ngā nati ika ka kohuatia, ka tunua rānei kia hanga he hanganga tio, ā, ka pakari te paraoa pokepoke. Ko te tikanga ka kohuatia kia tae rā anō te pāmahana matua o te hua ki tētahi taumata haumaru (tata ki te 70–75°C, i runga i te paerewa e whakamahia ana). Mā tēnei tukanga ka pakari ake ngā nati ina pania ki te paraoa, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te pakaru.
te whakamatao
I muri i te tunu kai i mua, ka whakamataohia ngā nati hei whakaiti i te pāmahana, kia pai ake ai te tukanga paninga, kia kore ai hoki e nui rawa te haukū. Ka taea te whakamatao i roto i te rūma makariri, i te whakamahi rānei i te pouaka whakamatao pupuhi. He mea nui tēnei mahi mō te haumaru o te kai, nā te mea ko te rohe pāmahana mahana (tata ki te 5–60°C) he awhe e tautoko ana i te tipu o ngā moroiti mena ka roa te wā e whakamahia ana.
h. Te paninga (Te parai me te paraoa pokepoke)
Ko te paninga te nuinga o te wā:
1. Te tauhiuhi i te puehu: he paninga angiangi o te paraoa maroke hei āwhina i te paraoa mākū kia piri.
2. Te paraoa pokepoke: te tuku ki roto i te paraoa pokepoke mākū (he ranunga paraoa me te wai/ngā mea kakara).
3. Te paraoa pokepoke: te paninga ki ngā kongakonga taro kia pakari ai.
Ko te hangarau paraoa pokepoke te mea e whakatau ana i te kakano whakamutunga: ka puta he kakano pakari ake i ngā kongakonga matarohia, ko ngā kongakonga angiangi ia he ōrite ake, he "pai ake". Ko te matotoru o te paninga ka pā ki te matotoru o te paninga, te nui o te makuku, me te tere o te kawe.
i. Parai-pāreti – Kōwhiringa
Ka whakamahia e ētahi ahumahi te parai-para mō ētahi hēkona ki ngā meneti i ngā pāmahana teitei hei "maukati" i te paninga, hei whakawhanake i te tae tuatahi, hei whakarei ake i te pakari i muri i te parai whakamutunga e te kaihoko. Heoi anō, ka whakanuia hoki e te parai-para te nui o te hinu, me whakarerekē e ngā kaihanga te wā, te pāmahana, me te pūnaha mimiti hinu.
j. Te Whakatio me te Tākai
Kātahi ka whakatiohia ngā nati, ko te mea pai ko te whakatio pūngao kia puta ai ngā tioata hukapapa iti, kia kore ai e pakaru ngā kiko. Ko ngā hua whakatio ka rongoatia i te -18°C pea. Ka whakamahia he kirihou hiri-korehau hei takai, he takai hiri rānei hei ārai i te wera o te pouaka tio, te waikura ngako, me te poke. Kei te tapanga ngā kai, te rā hanga, te rā paunga, me ngā tohutohu tuku.
4. Te Mana Kounga me te Haumaru Kai
Me tautoko te hangarau whakaputa ika i te GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) me te SSOP (Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures). Ko ngā mea nui hei aroturuki ko te pāmahana o ngā rauemi mata, te ma o ngā taputapu, te kounga o te wai, me te tunu kai tika. I roto i te ahumahi, ka whakamahia te huarahi HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) hei tautuhi i ngā tūponotanga koiora (Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli), ngā tūponotanga matū (ngā toenga horoi, te histamine i roto i ētahi ika), me ngā tūponotanga tinana (ngā wheua angiangi, ngā konganuku whakarewa).
Ko te whakamātautau kounga ko ngā whakamātautau ā-tinana (tae, kakara, reka, kakano), te nui o te makuku, te nui o te pūmua, te nui o te ngako, me ngā whakamātautau moroiti. Ka pāngia hoki te pumau i te wā e rongoa ana i te tio e te waikura ngako, ka taea ai te pirau, inā koa i roto i ngā ika momona nui. Mā te whakamahi i te takai ā-hau, te rokiroki pumau, me te whakahaere mekameka makariri ka āwhina i te aukati i tēnei pirau.
5. Auahatanga me te Whakawhanaketanga Hua
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau kai kua hua ake he momo ika hauora ake, he momo mahi ake hoki, pērā i ngā ika iti-ngako i hangaia mā te parai i te hau, te tāpiri i te muka kai mai i ngā huawhenua, te whakapakari rānei ki te omega-3 me ētahi kohuke. Ko ētahi atu auahatanga ko te whakamahinga o ngā mea kakara ā-rohe, te whakamahinga o ngā ika nō te rohe he iti ake te uara ōhanga hei whakanui ake i te uara tāpiri, me te whanaketanga o te paraoa kore-kutene mō ngā kaihoko motuhake.
Mō te oranga tonutanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā toenga mīti (te mīti poro) hei rauemi mata mō ngā nati ka taea te whakaiti i te para me te whakapiki i te whai huatanga o ngā ahumahi. Heoi, me haere tahi tēnei me te mana whakahaere kounga tino pakari kia kore ai e whakararu i te kounga me te haumaru o te hua.
6. Whakamutunga
Ka whakakotahi te hangarau hanga ika i ngā mātāpono o te tukatuka mīti, te hanga i te ira pūmua, te paninga paraoa, te tunu kai, te whakatio, me te takai hou. Mā te whakahaere pai i te pāmahana, te hanganga tika, me te whakatinanatanga o te akuaku me te haumaru kai, ka taea e ngā ika te huri hei hua nui te uara: he whai hua, he kai totika, ā, he whānui te pārekareka ki te kai. I waenganui i te pikinga o te hiahia mō ngā kai kua rite ki te kai, he nui te kaha o ngā ika ki te noho hei otinga mō te kanorau kai e ahu mai ana i te hī ika, me te whakatenatena i te whakamahinga pai me te pumau o ngā rauemi ika.
