Hangarau Hanga Keke Ika
He hua ika tukatuka rongonui ngā pihikete ika i Initonīhia. He rongonui mō tōna reka reka me tōna kakano pakari, he nui hoki te uara ōhanga o ngā pihikete ika, e whakamahi ana i ngā ika hou me ngā hua taha pērā i ngā toenga ika. Kei muri i te tukanga ngāwari te āhua, he raupapa hangarau whakaputa e whakatau ana i te kounga whakamutunga, mai i te whiriwhiri rauemi mata me te hanga paraoa pokepoke ki te tunu, te whakamaroke, me te takai. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te hangarau whakaputa pihikete ika hei āwhina i ngā kaipakihi, ngā ākonga, me ngā tohunga kai ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki te kounga me te haumaru o ngā hua.
1. Ngā rauemi mata me ngā whakaritenga kounga
Ko te angitu o te hanga pihikete ika ka whakawhirinaki nui ki te kounga o ngā rauemi mata. Me hou te ika e whakamahia ana, me te kakara ika motuhake, he mārama ngā kanohi, he whero ngā pihanga, me te kiko mārō. Ko ngā momo ika e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te makarera, te māhunga nakahi, te ika kāte, te ika pātini, te ika moana kiko mā rānei. Ko te kiko ika, he nui te pūmua myofibrillar, ka āwhina i te hanga i te hanganga tio i roto i te paraoa pokepoke, ka taea ai e ngā pihikete te whānui tika ina paraihia.
Haunga te ika, ko tētahi atu kai matua ko te māngaro, ko te paraoa tapioka te nuinga, nā te mea he pakari te kakano me te pakari. Ka rerekē te ōwehenga o te ika ki te tapioka i runga i te utu me ngā āhuatanga o te hua. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te nui ake o te ōwehenga ika ka hua ake he reka me te kakara kaha ake, engari ka piki ake ngā utu, ā, ka hua ake he kakano matotoru mena kāore i te tika te hanganga.
Ko ētahi atu kai ko te tote (he whakarei ake i te reka me te hononga pūmua), te huka (he whakataurite reka), te kāriki (kakara), te pepa, me ngā mea kakara, mēnā e whakaaetia ana. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te wai hukapapa hei pupuri i te pāmahana o te paraoa pokepoke kia iti i te wā e whakaranu ana, hei ārai i te pirau o te pūmua me te pupuri i te whakapūmautanga.
2. Te whakarite rauemi: te whakarōpū, te horoi, me te huri
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te whakarōpū me te horoi. Ka tangohia ngā kiko o te ika, ka tangohia ngā unahi, ngā pihanga, me ngā puku hei whakaiti i ngā poke me ngā pūtake o te haunga ika. Muri iho, ka mahia te tapahi me te wehe i te mīti mai i ngā wheua me te kiri. I roto i ngā ahumahi iti, ka taea te wehe i te mīti mā te whakamahi i te waru ā-ringa, ko ngā ahumahi nui ia ka whakamahi i te wehewehe mīti-wheua.
Kātahi ka hurihia te mīti ika, ka tapatapahia rawatia rānei mā te whakamahi i te mīhini huri. Mā te huri ka nui ake te horahanga o te mata, ka ngāwari ake te taunekeneke o te pūmua ki te tote me te māngaro. He mea nui te whakahaere i te pāmahana i tēnei wā: mā te wera rawa o te paraoa pokepoke ka whakaiti i te ngāwari o te pokepoke, ā, ka iti ake te puāwai o te keke. Mā te whakamahi i te hukapapa, i te wai matao rānei ka āwhina i te pupuri i te kounga.
3. Te hanga me te whakaranu i te paraoa pokepoke (te whakaranu)
He nui te pānga o te hangarau whakaranu ki te ōritetanga me te kaha whakawhanui. Ko te tote te tikanga ka tāpirihia tuatahi ki te mīti ika hei tango i te pūmua wairewa-tote (actomyosin). He "piripiri" tūturu tēnei pūmua e herea ana te māngaro me te wai, ka hanga he whatunga paraoa kiato engari he ngāwari.
Kia memeha te pūmua, ka whakaranua ngā mea kakara me ētahi atu kai, ā, ka tāpirihia mārire te paraoa tapioka. Mā te tāpiri mārire o te paraoa ka ārai i te piri, ā, ka whakarite kia ōrite te tohatoha o te māngaro. Ko te matotoru o te paraoa pai he maeneene, he ngāwari ki te hanga, kāore i te tino ngawari, ā, kāore i te pakarukaru.
I te taumata hangarau matatau ake, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whakaranu tere-iti ki te tere waenga hei ārai i te wera nui. Ka whakatinanahia hoki e ētahi kaihanga ngā whakatakotoranga paerewa e ahu mai ana i te ōrau (hei tauira, 30–50% mīti ika me te 50–70% tapioca) i whakaritea ki ngā āhuatanga o te ika, tōna nui o te makuku, me tōna pakari e hiahiatia ana.
4. Te hanganga me te tunu (te whakakorikori me te whakapūmau)
Kātahi ka hangaia te paraoa pokepoke hei porotaka roa (he rite ki te lontong) hei poraka rānei, kātahi ka takaihia ki te kirihou ātete wera, ki ngā rau panana rānei. Mā te hanga ōrite ka māmā ake te tunu kai, ā, ka puta he poro matotoru ōrite.
Mā te kōhua, mā te kohua rānei ka tunua. He mea noa ake te kōhua nā te mea ka whakaitihia te pānga tika ki te wai, ka kore ai e mārō te paraoa. E rua ngā tukanga nui ka puta i tēnei wāhanga: te whakapūmau i te pūmua ika me te whakapūmau i te māngaro. Mā te whakapūmau pūmua ka hanga he hanganga tiēre e whakarato ana i te ngāwari o te turanga, ko te whakapūmau ka meinga te māngaro kia mimiti i te wai, ka hanga he hanganga e whakatau ana i te tere o te pikinga i te wā e parai ana.
Me rawaka te wā tunu me te pāmahana hei tunu i te waenganui. Mēnā kāore i te tino tunua, ka ngawari te pakaru o ngā pihikete, ka haunga mata, engari ki te tunua rawatia, ka uaua rawa te whakawhanui i te kakano. I muri i te tunu, ka whakamataohia te hua hei whakapakari i te hanganga tiēre, hei ngāwari ake hoki te tapatapahi.
5. Te whakamatao me te tapatapahi
I muri i te korohū, ka whakamataohia te paraoa pokepoke ki te pāmahana rūma, ka whakamataohia rānei mō te wā roa kia mārō rawa. He maha ngā kaihanga e rongoa ana i te paraoa pokepoke i roto i te pouaka whakamātao mō te pō kia mārō ake ai, kia pai ai hoki te tapatapahi.
Mā te maripi koi, mā te mīhini tapatapahi rānei ka tapatapahia. Ko te matotoru o ngā poro he 1–3 mm te nuinga. Ko ngā poro matotoru rawa ka puhoi ake te maroke, ā, kāore e ara ake. Ka ngawari te pakaru o ngā poro kikokore, ā, ka pakarukaru rawa. Mā te hangarau mīhini tapatapahi ka taea te whakatutuki i te matotoru ōrite kia maroke tonu ai.
6. Te whakamaroke: te kī ki te roa o te wā e rongoa ai, me te pakari hoki
Ko te whāinga o te whakamaroke he whakaiti i te nui o te wai ki tētahi taumata iti hei tiaki i te hua, hei ārai hoki i te tipu o te harore. He maha ngā tikanga whakamaroke:
1. Te whakamaroke i te rā: te tikanga tino ohanga me te tikanga tino noa i waenga i ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti (MSME). Ko ētahi o ngā ngoikoretanga ko te whakawhirinaki ki te huarere, te mōrearea o te poke o te puehu/ngā pepeke, me ētahi wā kāore i te ōrite ngā hua.
2. Whakamaroke kāpata: te pāmahana ka taea te whakarite (hei tauira, 50–70°C), he akuaku ake, he tere ake te wā whakamaroke. He nui ake te haumi ki ngā taputapu, engari he pumau ake te kounga.
3. Whakamaroke hau wera: he pai mō te tauine waenga-rahi, ka taea te whakahaere pai ake i te whakahekenga me te tae.
4. Whakamaroke ranu (pūngao rā + pupuhi) hei whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o te pūngao me te pupuri tonu i te akuaku.
Ko te whāinga matua o te whakamaroke ko te whakatutuki i te iti o te makuku (i raro iho i te 10–12%, i runga i ngā paerewa o roto) hei ārai i te tipu o te harore, hei whakarite hoki kia ngāwari te horapa o ngā pihikete mata ina paraihia. Ka taea e te whakamaroketanga kore e oti te hua ake he pihikete pakari me he mirumiru kāore i te ōrite. I tetahi atu taha, ki te kaha rawa te whakamaroke ka arahi ki te pakaru me te whakaiti i te āhua.
7. Te parai me te pupuhi
Ko te mea nui o te hangarau pihikete kei roto i tōna kaha ki te whakawhanui ina paraihia. Ka paraihia ki te hinu ma i te pāmahana tino teitei (tata ki te 170–190°C). I tēnei pāmahana, ka huri te wai e toe ana i roto i ngā pihikete mata hei mamaoa, ā, ka akiaki i te hanganga māngaro-pūmua kia whakawhanui. Ka hangaia e te māngaro kua whakakōkīhia i mua he pute hau, ka hua ake he kakano pakari.
Me pupuri tonu te kounga o te hinu nā te mea ka taea e te hinu kua waikura te whakaputa i ngā kakara pirau, ā, ka whakapiki ake i te hanganga o ngā matū kāore e hiahiatia. He maha ngā kaihanga e whakaputa ana i ngā pihikete mata, maroke hei hokohoko, ko ngā kaihoko ia e parai ana. Heoi, mō ngā kaihanga pihikete kua rite ki te kai, ko te whakahaere hinu, te wā parai, me te tātari he mea nui.
Ko ētahi auahatanga anō hoki e whakawhanake ana i ngā pihikete ika tunua, i ngā whanaketanga rānei me te whakamahana hau wera hei whakaiti i te nui o te hinu, ahakoa he rerekē te āhua pakari o te pihikete i te pihikete parai.
8. Te tākai me te rokiroki
Ko te whāinga o te takai he tiaki i te hua mai i te makuku, te hāora, me te poke. Me takai ngā pihikete maroke, mata ki roto i te kirihou me te ārai wai e tika ana. Mō ngā pihikete kua tunua (kua rite ki te kai), me ārai te takai pai i te mimiti makuku kia kore ai e makuku ngā pihikete.
I runga i te tauine ahumahi, mā te whakamahi i ngā hiri wera, ngā whakamaroke, tae noa ki te horoi hauota ka roa ake te ora o te kai. Ko te rokiroki pai rawa atu ko te wāhi maroke, hauhautanga, kia matara atu i te rā tika. Ko te makuku te hoariri matua o ngā pihikete, nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakararu i te kakano me te akiaki i te tipu o te harore i roto i ngā hua mata he nui te makuku.
9. Te whakahaere kounga me te haumaru kai
Ko te hangarau whakaputa hou e aro nui ana ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā Tikanga Hanga Pai (GMP) me te akuaku. Ko ngā mea nui ko te hou o te ika, te ma o te wai, te ma o ngā taputapu huri me te tapatapahi, me te akuaku o ngā wāhi whakamaroke. Ko ngā whakamātautau kounga noa ko:
– Whakamātautau ā-tinana (tae, kakara, reka, pakari)
– Te nui o te makuku o te hua maroke
– Te kaha whakawhanui i muri i te parai
– Ngā whakamātautau moroiti māmā (ina koa mō te tauine ahumahi)
– Te pumau o te hinu (mō ngā kai parai)
Mā te whakahaere kounga pai, ka taea e ngā pihikete ika te huri hei hua nui te uara, he rite tonu, he haumaru, he whakataetae hoki i te mākete.
Te Katinga
Ko te hangarau hanga keke ika he maha ngā tukanga e hono tahi ana, mai i te whiriwhiri i ngā ika hou, te whakaranu tika i te paraoa pokepoke, te tunu kia hanga he kirikiri, te tapatapahi kia ōrite, te whakamaroke kia tae ki te taumata makuku haumaru, ā, i te mutunga, te parai me te takai. Ka whai wāhi ia wāhanga ki te pikinga, te pakari, te reka, me te roa o te oranga o ngā keke. Mō ngā pakihi, mā ngā whanaketanga hangarau—pērā i te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini tapatapahi, ngā whakamaroke kāpata, me ngā tikanga akuaku tino pakari—ka āwhina i te hanga keke ika he pumau ake, he akuaku ake, ā, he rite ki te whakataetae i te mākete hou.
