Hangarau Whakaputa Ika
Ko te hanga ika he momo tukatuka hua ika he nui te uara tāpiri. Ko ngā ika he kikokiko ika, kāore he wheua matua, he upoko, he unahi, he kiri (i roto i ētahi momo), me ētahi atu wāhanga kāore e hiahiatia. Kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā ika i runga anō i ngā huringa o ngā tikanga a te kaihoko, e pai ake ana ki ngā hua whai hua, akuaku, me te rite ki te tukatuka. Hei whakaputa ika kounga teitei, me whakamahi te umanga i ngā hangarau whakaputa tika, mai i te whakahaere rauemi mata ki te takai me te mekameka makariri. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā wāhanga, ngā taputapu, ngā paerewa kounga, tae atu ki ngā wero me ngā auahatanga i roto i te hangarau whakaputa ika.
1. Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Rauemi Mata me te Whakahaere Tuatahi
Ko te kounga o te ika hou e tino whakatauhia ana e te kounga o te ika hou e whakamahia ana hei rauemi mata. Ko ngā tawhā nui ko te hou (ngā kanohi mārama, ngā pihanga whero, te kakara hou), te pāmahana o te ika i te taenga mai, tōna āhua tinana (kāore he marutanga), me te momo ika e tika ana mō te tapatapahi. Ko ngā ika e tukatukahia ana mō te tapatapahi ko te tuna, te tāmure, te tori, te pangasius, te tilapia, te hāmana, te makarera, me ētahi atu momo ika uri.
Ko te hangarau whakahaere wawe e aro nui ana ki ngā mātāpono mekameka makariri. I muri i te hopunga, i te hauhaketanga rānei, me whakamatao tonu te ika ki te hukapapa, me whakamatao rānei ki ngā pāmahana e tata ana ki te 0°C. I te wāhi e whiwhi ana i te ika, ka paunatia, ka tuhia, ka whakarōpūtia kia rite ki te rahi me te kounga. Mā te horoi ki te wai ma pēhanga ka āwhina i te tango i te paru me te paru. I roto i ngā ahumahi e whakatinana ana i ngā paerewa teitei, ka aroturukitia te kounga o te wai horoi (pH, te toenga chlorine, te microbiology) hei ārai i te poke.
2. Ngā Wāhanga o te Tukanga Hanga Ika
Ko te tikanga, he maha ngā mahi matua o te hanga ika:
a. Te Horoi me te Tango i ngā Taru
Ka horoia anō te ika i mua i te patunga. Ko te horoi ko te tango i ngā unahi (mēnā kei roto), te tango i ngā whekau, me te horoi i te puku. He mea nui tēnei mahi nā te mea he puna ngā whekau o roto i ngā moroiti me ngā whākōkī ka taea te whakatere i te pirau.
b. Te Tapahi me te Wehe i te Upoko
Ko te tikanga, ka tangohia te pane mā te whakamahi i tētahi maripi koi, i tētahi mīhini tapahi rānei. Kātahi ka wahia te ika hei wehe i te kikokiko mai i te tuaiwi. I roto i te tukatuka ā-ringa, ka whakatauhia e ngā kaiwhakahaere mohio te koki tapahi tino pai hei whakatutuki i ngā hua nui o te mīti me te whakaiti i te kino o te mīti. I runga i te tauine ahumahi nui, ka whakamahia ngā mīhini tapatapahi, ka taea te tukatuka tere i ngā ika o te rahi ōrite.
c. Te Whakakiri me te Tango i ngā Wheua
Kāore e hiahiatia kia kore he kiri i ngā ika katoa; ko ētahi mākete e pai ake ana ki ngā ika he kiri kei runga. Heoi, mō ngā hua kore kiri, ka whakamahia he mīhini tango kiri hei tango tika i te kiri. Muri iho, ka tangohia ngā wheua pine mā te whakamahi i te tango wheua pine, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā tweezers motuhake. Mā tēnei mahi ka whakatau te whakamarie o te kaihoko me te kounga o te hua.
d. Te Kutikuti me te Whakarōpūtanga
Ko te tapahi he tango i ngā wāhanga kāore e hiahiatia ana pērā i te mīti pango (te toto), te ngako nui, ngā marutanga, ngā wheua rānei e toe ana. Kātahi ka whakarōpūtia ngā poro i runga i te rahi, te taumaha, te tae, me te āhua tinana. Mā te whakarōpūtanga ka māmā ake te utu me ngā paerewa hua mō ngā mākete motuhake.
e. Te Horoi Whakamutunga me te Tātari
Ka horoia ngā poro kua oti te mahi mō te wā poto hei tango i ngā toenga toto, i ngā kongakonga wheua rānei. Heoi, mā te horoi nui rawa ka ngaro pea ngā pūmua wairewa, ka heke hoki te kakano. Nō reira, he maha ngā ahumahi e whakamahi ana i te horoi whakahaere, ā, muri iho ka tātarihia mā te whakamahi i ngā whata, i te tango wai rānei i te kaikawe hei ārai i te nui rawa o te makuku o te mata.
3. Hangarau Whakatio me te Rokiroki
Hei whakaroa i te oranga o ngā ika, ka hokohokohia ngā ika kua whakamataotia, kua tiotia rānei. Ko ngā hangarau tio noa ko:
– Pūwhakatio pupuhi: ka tere te rere o te hau matao i ngā pāmahana -30°C ki te -40°C, ā, ka tere te tio, ka ōrite hoki.
– Pereti tio: ka whakatakotoria ngā poro i waenganui i ngā pereti whakarewa matao; he whai hua mō ngā hua ōrite kua tākaihia ki roto i ngā poraka.
– IQF (Whakatio Tere Takitahi): te whakatio tere i ngā poro takitahi kia kore ai e piri tahi; he pai mō ngā hua kounga teitei, ā, ka māmā ake te tango a ngā kaihoko i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana.
He mea nui te whakatio tere hei hanga i ngā tioata hukapapa iti, hei whakaiti i te kino ki te hanganga o te mīti. Kia tio, ka rongoatia te hua ki te wāhi rokiroki makariri, i raro iho i te -18°C. Me karo i ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana, nā te mea ka taea e rātou te wera i te pouaka tio, te hurihanga o te kakano, me te waikura ngako, ka hua ake ai he haunga pirau.
4. Te Tākai me te Tapanga
Ko te takai ika hei tiaki i te hua mai i te poke, te maroke, me te waikura. Ko ngā tikanga takai ko:
– Tākai korehau: ka whakaiti i te hāora, ā, ka whakaroa i te waikura me te tipu o ngā moroiti hauā.
– MAP (Mokai Āhuarangi Kua Whakarerekētia): te whakarerekē i te hanganga hau i roto i te takai, hei tauira, te whakanui ake i te CO₂ hei pehi i ngā moroiti.
– Te whakakanapa: he paparanga hukapapa angiangi ki runga i te mata o ngā ika tio hei ārai i te maroke me te wera o te pouaka tio.
Ko ngā mōhiohio nui kei runga i ngā tapanga ko te momo ika, te taumaha kupenga, te rā whakaputa, te rā paunga, ngā tikanga rokiroki, me te tau puranga hei whai i te whai. Mō ngā kaweake, me tutuki hoki ngā tapanga i ngā whakaritenga o te whenua e haere atu ana.
5. Te Mana Kounga me te Haumaru Kai
Ko te hangarau whakaputa ika hou e aro ana ki te whai huatanga anake, engari ki te haumaru kai anō hoki. Ko te tikanga, ka whakatinanahia e te umanga ngā pūnaha pēnei i:
– GMP (Ngā Tikanga Hanga Pai): ngā tikanga whakaputa pai, tae atu ki te horoi o ngā whare, ngā taputapu me ngā kaimahi.
– SSOP (Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Paerewa Hauora): ngā tikanga horoi auau hei ārai i te whakawhiti poke.
– HACCP (Tātari Tūponotanga me ngā Pūwāhi Whakahaere Matua): tātari tūponotanga me te whakatau i ngā pūwāhi whakahaere matua, hei tauira, te pāmahana e whiwhi ana i te ika, te tukanga whakamatao, me te ma o te wai.
Ko ngā whakamātautau kounga ka uru atu ki ngā whakamātautau ā-tinana, ngā inenga TVB-N (Hauota Pūtake Hurihuri Katoa) mō ngā tohu pirau, ngā whakamātautau moroiti (TPC, E. coli, Salmonella), me ngā tirotiro toenga (hei tauira, ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā paturopi rānei i roto i ngā ika ahuwhenua e ai ki ngā ture).
6. Te Hua me te Whakamahinga o ngā Hua-Tae
Ko tētahi o ngā wero o te whakaputa ika ko te hua, arā, te ōrau o ngā ika i puta mō ia ika katoa. Ka pāngia te hua e ngā momo ika, te rahi, me ngā pūkenga tapahi. Hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga ōhanga me te whakaiti i te para, ka taea te tukatuka i ngā hua taha pēnei i ngā pane, ngā wheua, te kiri, me ngā paru hei hanga i ētahi atu hua: te paraoa ika, te hinu ika, te gelatin/collagen, te hupa, te kai kararehe rānei. E hangai ana tēnei huarahi ki te ariā o te kore para me te umanga hī ika pumau.
7. Ngā Wero Ahumahi me te Auahatanga Hangarau
He maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te umanga ika, tae atu ki ngā rahi rerekē o ngā rauemi mata, te hiahia mō ngā kaimahi mohio, te mōrearea o te poke o ngā moroiti, me ngā tono a te mākete mō ngā hua ma ake, ā, he pai ake hoki mō te taiao. Hei whakatika i ēnei wero, kua whakatinanahia ngā auahatanga maha:
– Aunoatanga me ngā pūoko: ngā mīhini tapahi aunoa, ngā kāmera tirohanga mō te whakarōpūtanga, me ngā pūoko pāmahana wā-tūturu i roto i te mekameka makariri.
– Ngā hangarau kore-wera: pērā i te ozonation, te UV, te tukatuka pēhanga teitei rānei (HPP) i runga i ētahi hua hei pehi i ngā moroiti me te kore e kino te kounga.
– Pūnaha aroturuki mamati: te whakamahinga o ngā waehere QR me te tuhi i runga i te pūnaha mōhiohio hei whakarite kia mārama te takenga mai o ngā ika, kia tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa ture.
– Ngā takai e pai ana mō te taiao: te whakaiti i te kirihou tuku iho me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hangarua.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hangarau whakaputa ika he raupapa tukanga e hiahia ana kia tino tika, kia whakatinanahia he mekameka makariri, me te whakahaere kounga tino pakari. Mai i te whiriwhiri rauemi mata me te tapahi, te kutikuti, te whakatio, me te takai, ka pā ia wāhanga ki te kounga o te hua whakamutunga. Mā te whakatinanatanga o ngā paerewa haumaru kai pēnei i te HACCP me te tautoko i te aunoatanga hou me ngā auahatanga takai, ka taea e te umanga ika te whakaputa hua haumaru, kounga teitei e whakataetae ana i roto i ngā mākete ā-rohe me ngā mākete kaweake. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ko te whakaurunga o te hangarau me ngā mātāpono pumau te mea nui ki te whakapakari i te whakataetae me te whakaiti i te para i roto i te umanga tukatuka ika.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia putaiao ake (me ngā upoko iti me ngā tohutoro), kia whai hua ake rānei pērā i te aratohu SOP mō te hanga mīti mō ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti.
