Hangarau Tukatuka Ika Kēne
He mea nui te hangarau tukatuka ika kēne i roto i te umanga kai, e āhei ai te penapena i ngā ika—he kai e nui ana te pūmua me ngā waikawa ngako omega-3—mō ngā wā roa, te tohatoha whānui, me te noho haumaru mō te kai. Ko ngā hua ika kēne pērā i te sardine, te tuna, te makarela, me te hāmana kua waiho hei whiringa whai hua mā te tini o ngā kaihoko nā te ngāwari o te tukatuka, te roa o te wā e mau ana, me te wātea i roto i ngā momo ranu me ngā mea kakara. Kei muri i tēnei whai wāhitanga he raupapa o ngā tukanga hangarau pakari, mai i te whiriwhiri rauemi mata ki te whakahoromata me te whakahaere kounga.
1. Te Ariā Taketake o te Tāne
Ko te whakatāne he tikanga tiaki kai e uru ana ki te whakanoho i te hua ki roto i tētahi ipu ārai-hau (ārai-hau), kātahi ka whakamahana i te pāmahana motuhake hei patu i ngā moroiti me ngā huaketo e pirau ai. Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakatāne ko te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga parakore arumoni, arā, he iti rawa te maha o ngā moroiti e toe ana, kia haumaru ai, kia pumau ai hoki te hua i te wā e rongoatia ana.
He tino uaua te whakakī ika i roto i te kēne nā te mea he taonga pirau tere. Mēnā kāore i te tika te whakahaere, ka tere heke te kounga o te ika nā te nui o te wai, te mahi whākōkī, me ngā moroiti o te mata. Nō reira, ko te angitu o te hangarau tukatuka ika kēne he mea nui ki te whakahaere i te pāmahana, te wā, te ma, me te tere o te tukanga mai i te wā i hopukina ai te ika.
2. Ngā Rauemi Mata me te Whakahaere Tuatahi
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whiriwhiri i te ika hou e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga. Ko ngā tawhā hou hei whakaaro ko te kakara (hou, kaua e tino kaha te kakara ika), te tae o te pihanga (whero kanapa), te kakano o te kikokiko (mārō), me ngā kanohi ika (mārama, kaua e totohu). Hei tāpiri, he mea nui anō hoki te rahi o te ika kia rite te whakamahana i te wā e whakahoromata ana.
I te taenga ki te wheketere, ka whakamataohia ngā ika mā te whakamahi i te hukapapa, i tētahi wāhi rokiroki makariri rānei hei pehi i ngā mahi a ngā moroiti. Me pupuri tonu he mekameka makariri kia iti ai te pāmahana o ngā ika. I roto i ngā ahumahi hou, ka whakamahia he pūnaha tuhi pāmahana me te wā (aroturuki) hei whakarite kia kore ngā ika e pāngia e ngā pāmahana nui rawa (tata ki te 5–60°C) e tere ake ai te tipu o ngā moroiti.
3. Te Whakarōpū, te Horoi, me te Whakarite
Kātahi ka whakarōpūhia ngā ika kia rite ki te rahi me te kounga. Kātahi ka horoia kia tangohia te paru, te paru, me ētahi atu poke. Mō ētahi hua, ka tangohia ngā ngako o te ika, ka tangohia ngā pane, ka tangohia ētahi wheua, ka tapatapahia rānei. Hei tauira, mō ngā tuna kēne, he mea nui te wehewehe i te kikokiko mai i ngā wāhanga pouri me te whakarōpū i te mīti kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa.
Kei roto hoki i tēnei wāhanga whakarite te tirotiro mō ngā mea ke (pērā i te konganuku, i te para kirihou rānei). Ko te tikanga, ka whakatinanahia e ngā ahumahi ngā pūnaha haumaru kai pērā i te HACCP (Tātari Tūpono me ngā Pūwāhi Mana Tino Hira) hei tautuhi i ngā pūwāhi tino nui me whakahaere.
4. Te tunu kai i mua i te tunu
He maha ngā ika kēne ka tunua i mua. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tukanga ko:
1. Whakaitihia te nui o te wai me te ngako kia piri ai te kakano.
2. Ka māmā ake te wehewehe i te kiri me ngā wheua (i ētahi momo).
3. Whakaitihia te nui o ngā moroiti i mua i te whakakī i te kai.
4. Ka whakaiti i te mimiti e puta ana i muri i te whakamahana whakamutunga.
Ka taea te tunu i mua mā te korohū, te whakamahana rānei i roto i te wai wera. Ka whakatikatikaina te pāmahana me te wā kia tunua pakupaku te ika, engari kaua e tino kino te hanganga o te mīti. I muri i te tunu, ka whakamataohia te ika, kātahi ka tapatapahia, ka paunatia ki te taumaha kupenga e hiahiatia ana i roto i te kēne.
5. Te whakakī ki roto i ngā kēne (Te whakakī)
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakakī i ngā kēne ki te ika. Ka taea te hanga ika hei poraka, hei kongakonga, hei poro, hei ika katoa rānei (pērā i te sardine iti). Muri iho, ka tāpirihia he mea whakakī, pērā i:
– Hinu (hei tauira, hinu huawhenua, hinu oriwa rānei),
– Wai tote (wai tote),
- Ranu tōmato,
– He ranu wera, he kari, he mea kakara motuhake rānei.
Ka pā te hanganga o tēnei rauemi ki te reka, te uara kai, me te pumau o te hua. Me ōrite te tāpiri o te tote me ngā mea kakara, nō reira ka whakamahia e te umanga ngā pūnaha inenga aunoa hei pupuri i ngā paerewa kounga. Hei tāpiri, ka whakatikatikaina te āputa o roto i te kēne hei whakapai ake i ngā tukanga whakamahana me te hanga korehau.
6. Te Whakangāwari me te Tuitui (Te Katinga o te Kene)
I mua i te hiritanga o te kēne, ka mahia he tukanga whakangā hei tango i te hau i roto i te kēne. Ko te kaupapa he:
– Ka whakaiti i te hāora, ka hua ake ai te waikura o te ngako (te pirau),
– Āwhina ki te hanga i te korehau i muri i te whakamahana,
– Ka whakaiti i te pēhanga ā-roto nui rawa.
Ka taea te whakamahana mā te whakamahana mārie, te mamaoa rānei. Whai muri i tēnā, ka hiritia te kēne mā te whakamahi i te tuitui, ka hanga he hononga piri i waenganui i te taupoki me te tinana o te kēne (tuitui takirua). He mea nui te kounga o te tuitui; ki te kore e pērā, ka arahi pea ki ngā turuturu moroiti kino, ka taea ai e ngā moroiti te uru.
7. Te Whakahoromata (Te Whakautu)
Ko te whakahoromata te kaupapa matua o te hangarau whakakī. Ka whakamahanahia ngā kēne hiri i roto i te retort (whakahoromata pēhanga) i te pāmahana teitei, i te nuinga o te wā i te 110–121°C, mō tētahi wā motuhake i runga i te momo hua, te rahi o te kēne, me ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti wera.
Ko te whāinga matua o te whakahoromata i roto i ngā kai iti-waikawa pērā i te ika ko te whakahaere i ngā pua huakita kino, inā koa ko te Clostridium botulinum, ka taea te whakaputa i te paitini botulinum. Nō reira, me whakamana te tukanga whakahoromata mā te whakamahi i ngā tātaitanga whakamate (hei tauira, te ariā F0) kia mau ai te haumaru.
Ka taea e ngā whakautu hou te whakamahi:
– Te whakahoki mamaoa (mamao),
– Te whakahokinga mai o te wai rehu,
– Te whakautu rumaki wai,
– Whakautu me te pūnaha whakahaere pāmahana me te pēhanga aunoa.
Mā te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana me te pēhanga ka ārai i te pupuhi, te pahū, te āhua rerekē rānei o ngā kēne, me te whakarite hoki i te wera ōrite.
8. Te Whakamatao me te Whakamaroke
I muri i te whakahoromata, me whakamatao wawe ngā kēne ki te wai ma kia mutu ai te tunu kai, kia mau tonu ai te āhua. Mā te whakamatao ka ārai i te tunu nui rawa, ka nui rawa ai te ngako o te ika.
Kātahi ka whakamaroketia ngā kēne hei ārai i te waikura o te mata. I tēnei wā, ka tirohia te mata mō ngā pakaru, ngā turuturu, ngā pupuhi rānei. Ko ngā kēne rerekē ka tangohia hei aromatawai anō.
9. Te Rokiroki, te Whakatō, me te Whakahaere Kounga
Ka whakatinanahia e ētahi ahumahi te whakatō, arā, ko te penapena i ngā tauira hua i ngā pāmahana motuhake hei aroturuki i ngā turuturu, i te tipu rānei o ngā moroiti. Kei roto hoki i te whakamātautau kounga:
– Whakamātautau moroiti (te koretake o te hua manu i roto i ngā mahi arumoni),
– Ngā whakamātautau matū (ngā taumata tote, te histamine i roto i ētahi ika, te waikura ngako),
– Whakamātautau ā-tinana (taumaha kupenga, āputa o te pane, āhua o te tuitui),
– Whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga o te tairongo (kakara, reka, kakano, tae).
Kua whakaurua ngā tapanga me ngā waehere whakaputa hei whai i te hua, kia taea ai te whai me te whakahoki mai i te hua i runga i te huarahi kua whakaritea.
10. Auahatanga me ngā Wero o te Hangarau Ika Kēne
Kei te akiakihia te umanga ika kēne e ngā whanaketanga hangarau kia pai ake te whai hua me te pumau. Mā te aunoatanga o ngā tukanga whakakī, kati, me te whakahoromata ka pai ake te ōritetanga o te hua, ka whakaitihia hoki te tūponotanga o te poke. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā mahi auaha mō te takai pēnei i ngā taupoki tuwhera ngāwari ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te kaihoko, ā, ko te rangahau ki ngā rauemi takai ka āwhina ki te whakaiti i te waikura me ngā taunekeneke a te konganuku ki te hua.
Heoi anō, kei te pāngia hoki te umanga e ngā wero pēnei i te piki me te heke o ngā tuku ika, te hī ika tauwhiro, me ngā tono a ngā kaihoko mō ngā hua hauora (he iti te tote, he iti te hinu, he kore rānei ētahi tāpiringa). Ko te whakahaere i te histamine i roto i ngā ika o te whānau Scombridae (hei tauira, te tuna) he take nui anō hoki nā tōna hononga ki te haumaru kai.
Whakamutunga
He pūnaha whakauru te hangarau tukatuka ika kēne e whakakotahi ana i te whakahaere rauemi mata, te tunu kai i mua, te whakakī, te hiri, te whakahoromata pēhanga, me te whakahaere kounga tino pakari. Ko ngā painga matua o ngā hua ika kēne kei roto i tōna haumaru, te roa o te wā e mau ana, me te ngāwari o te kai. Mā te whakatinana i ngā paerewa akuaku, te whakamana i te tukanga whakahoromata, me te auaha tonu, ka taea tonu e te umanga ika kēne te whakarato kai haumaru, whai kiko, me te watea ki te hapori whānui.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga "kaupapa rere tukanga", ngā tauira o ngā tawhā pāmahana-wā whakahoromata, tētahi matapakinga motuhake rānei mō te HACCP i roto i te whakatārewatanga ika.
