Ngā Tikanga Hoahoa Pūnaha Whakahauora o te Puna Ika
Ko te whakapūngao tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui o te mahi pāmu ika, ahakoa i roto i ngā puna oneone, i ngā puna tāpaurin, i ngā puna raima, i ngā pūnaha kaha rānei pērā i te biofloc me te RAS (Recirculating Aquaculture System). Ko te mahi matua o te whakapūngao he whakanui ake i ngā taumata hāora rewa (DO) i roto i te wai, he āwhina i te tukunga o ngā hau paitini pērā i te hauhā waro (CO₂) me te haukini (NH₃), me te pupuri i te rere o te wai kia mau tonu ai te kounga o te wai. Ki te kore he hoahoa whakapūngao tika, ka ngawari te ahotea o ngā ika, ka heke te hiahia kai, ka puhoi te tipu, ā, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te mate nui, inā koa i te pō, i te wā roa rānei o te rangi kapua. Nō reira, kāore e taea te hanga i tētahi pūnaha whakapūngao mā te "tāpiri noa i tētahi whakapūngao"; me whai huarahi hangarau e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia o te puna.
1. Kia mārama ki ngā hiahia hāora o ngā ika me ngā āhuatanga o roto
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te mārama ki ngā hiahia hāora o te momo e whakatipuria ana me te kiato o te kararehe. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā ika wai māori pēnei i te catfish, te tilapia, te pangasius, te gourami rānei me whai DO iti rawa o te 3–5 mg/L mō te tipu pai, ko ngā pūnaha kaha ia e aro ana ki te 5–7 mg/L mō te mahi kai tino pai. Ka piki ake ngā hiahia hāora me te pikinga o te koiora (te taumaha katoa o te ika), te pāmahana wai teitei, te mahi a te ika, me te nui o ngā rauemi rauropi mai i ngā toenga kai me ngā para.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko ngā āhuatanga o te roto ka whakatau i te rautaki whakapūngao: te horahanga o te mata, te hohonutanga, te āhua o te roto, te pūtake wai, me te noho mai o ngā tipu wai, o te paru rānei. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō te tohanga o te roto hohonu engari whaiti i te roto whānui engari pāpaku. Ko ngā roto he nui ngā paru waro, ka hiahia kia kaha ake te whakapūngao nā te mea ka pau te hāora i te tukanga pirau.
2. Whakatauhia ngā whāinga hoahoa: te mahi ā-ringa, te tohanga, me te haumaru mahi.
Me whai whāinga matua e toru te hoahoa o te whakapūnga hau:
1. Kia mau tonu te DO ki ngā taumata haumaru puta noa i te rā, inā koa i mua i te ata ina tino iti rawa te DO.
2. Waihangahia te rere o te wai kia kore ai he "rohe mate" kāore e whiwhi hāora.
3. He pūrua me te haumarutanga: he ngāwari ki te aroturuki, he mahere kei a ia ina motu te hiko, ā, kāore e whakararuraru i te ika nā te kaha rawa o te ia.
Ko te mea tino pai, me whai whakaaro te hoahoa whakapūngao hau ki ngā āhuatanga kino rawa atu: te nui o ngā kararehe, te rangi kapua, te nui o te kai e kainga ana, me te mahana o te pāmahana. Mēnā he rawaka noa te whakapūngao hau i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka ngoikore te roto ina piki ake te taumaha.
3. Te whiriwhiri i te momo aerator me tōna kaupapa mahi
He maha ngā kōwhiringa whakapūngao e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua ika:
a. Pūwhakahauhau wira hoe
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā wira wai i roto i ngā roto, i ngā puna kaukau nui rānei. Ko ōna painga ko te whakanui ake i te DO me te whakaoho i te wai mata, te whakatairanga i te rere o te wai, me te āwhina ki te pana i te para ki ngā wāhi motuhake ina tika te tohutohu. Ko ōna ngoikoretanga ko te tikanga ki te moumou hiko mō ngā roto iti me te kaha o ngā ia kaha mena kāore i te tika te whakahaere.
b. Kaiwhakaputa hau/pūngao hau (kōhatu whakaputa hau, kōpae whakaputa hau)
Ka whakamahia e tēnei pūnaha he pupuhi, he pūwero rānei hei tuku i te hau mā roto i te ngongo ki te kaiwhakaputa hau i raro i te puna. Ka whakanui ake ngā mirumiru angiangi i te whakawhiti hāora, ā, ka āwhina i te whakaoho poutū. He pai mō ngā puna tāpaurinī, raima, koiora-pūngao, me ngā puna RAS. Ko te mea nui kei roto i te kounga o te kaiwhakaputa hau, te rahi o ngā mirumiru, me te whakatakotoranga o ngā pūwāhi whakaputa hau.
c. Pūwero Venturi, pūwero jet rānei
Ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha Venturi te rere o te wai mai i te papu hei "mōmiomio" i te hau me te whakaranu. Ka puta he hāora me te rere kaha i roto i tēnei pūnaha, e tika ana mō ngā hiahia tohanga i roto i ngā puna kaukau raima me ngā pūnaha paipa.
d. Pūwhakaoho mata (puna, poroporo rānei)
Ka pakaru te wai i te mata o tēnei momo, ka tere ake te uru o te hāora. He whai hua mō ngā roto e hiahia ana ki te hāora, engari he iti iho i te pai mō te whakaranu i te wai o raro mēnā he hohonu te roto.
Ehara i te mea ko te utu anake te mea nui ki te whiriwhiri taputapu; me tika hoki ki te tauine o te roto, ki ngā whakaritenga DO, me te wātea o te hiko. Mō ngā roto iti, kaha te whakamahi, he pai ake te whakamahi i te pupuhi me te kaiwhakawhiti. Mō ngā roto nui ake, mā te whakakotahitanga o te wira wai me te whakapūngao hau o raro ka puta he hua ōrite ake.
4. Te tatau i ngā whakaritenga hauhautanga i roto i te mahi
I te mara, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaimahi pāmu he huarahi mahi e ahu mai ana i te kiato o ngā kararehe me te wheako. Heoi, mō te hoahoa e taea ai te ine, whakamahia ngā mātāpono e whai ake nei:
– Ka nui ake te koiora, ka nui ake te hiahia mō te hāora.
– Ka nui ake te tere o te whāngai, ka nui ake te hāora e pau ana nā te pākia o te ika me te mahi a ngā huakita pirau.
Hei huarahi māmā, whakaritehia ngā raraunga:
1. Te rōrahi wai o te puna kaukau (m³).
2. Te koiora whāia (kg katoa o te ika).
3. Te horopeta o te whāngai o ia rā (kg/rā).
4. Te whāinga DO iti rawa (hei tauira, 5 mg/L).
Muri iho, whakatauhia te kaha o te aerator i runga i ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga (hei tauira, te rere o te hau pupuhi, te wattage, te rohe kapi whai hua rānei). Nā te mea he rerekē ngā whakatakotoranga i waenga i ngā waitohu, he mea nui te whakamātautau i te DO me te mita DO. Ko te hau pai ehara i te mea ko te "maha o ngā mirumiru" anake, engari ko te pikinga pono me te pikinga ōrite o te DO.
5. Ngā tikanga mō te whakatakotoranga pai o te aerator
Ko te whakatakotoranga o te aerator te mea e whakatau ana i ngā hua nui atu i te whakanui ake i te mana. Ko ētahi mātāpono whakatakotoranga:
a. Āta karohia ngā rohe mate
He iti noa te rere o te wai i roto i ngā roto tapawhā rite, kokonga rānei. Whakanohoia te pūwero hau kia puta ai he tauira porowhita, kia tere ai te rere o te wai puta noa i te roto.
b. Whakatairangahia ngā wāhi e kiki ana i ngā ika
He maha ngā wā ka huihui ngā ika ki ētahi wāhi (pērā i te taha o ngā kokoru wai, ngā wāhi whāngai, ngā wāhi mahana ake rānei). Me whakarite kia nui te hāora i roto i ēnei wāhi, engari me karo i ngā au kaha ka pau ai te ika.
c. Te whakapūngao taketake hei whakakore i te whakarōpūtanga
I ngā roto hohonu ake, ka taea e te wai te "paparanga": he nui te hāora i te mata, ā, kua pau te hāora i te raro. Mā te whakatakoto i tētahi mea whakamarara ki raro ka āwhina i te whakaranu poutū, ā, ka ārai i te kohikohinga o ngā hau paitini.
d. Te whakakotahitanga o ngā taputapu
Mō ngā roto kaha te whakamahi, ko te whakakotahitanga o te whakapūngao hau i runga i te mata (mō te tere o te urupare) me te whakapūngao hau i raro (mō te pumau) te nuinga o te wā ka puta ngā hua pai rawa atu. Hei tauira, ko te pupuhi me te kaiwhakawhiti te whakapūngao hau matua, me te whakapūngao hau i runga i te mata hei tārua i te pō, i te wā ua nui rānei.
6. Whakatakotoria ngā hāora mahi: te ao, te pō, me ngā āhuatanga ohorere
He maha ngā ngoikoretanga o te whakatipu ka puta mai i te iti o ngā taumata DO i te ata pō. I te pō, kāore ngā phytoplankton me ngā rauropi wai e whakaahua, nō reira kāore te hāora e puta, engari ka pau. Nō reira, me:
– Ka roa ake te rama i te pō tae noa ki te ata, inā koa i waenganui i te 22.00–06.00.
– Whakanuia te kaha ina kapua te rangi, ina tīmata rānei te wai ki te matotoru, ki te pōuriuri.
– He aratau ohorere tōna ina tīmata te ika ki te "hau" i runga i te mata.
Mena he maha ngā motuhanga hiko, me whakarite he mahere tārua: he whakaputa hiko, he UPS mō ngā pupuhi iti, he pūkaha hau rānei mō ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Kei roto i te hoahoa pūnaha hau pai he mahere whakaiti i te pāmahana.
7. Te whakaurunga o te hauhautanga me te whakahaere kounga wai
Ehara te whakapūhau i te whakakapi i te whakahaere wai. Hei whakarite i te mahi pai o te whakapūhau, me mahi ēnei mahi tautoko:
– Te whakahaere i te whāngai: kaua e whāngai nui rawa nā te mea ka pau te hāora i ngā toenga kai.
– Tangohia te paru i ia wā, ki te taea e te pūnaha.
– Kia mau tonu te pH, te haukini, me te nitrite ki roto i ngā rohe haumaru. He āwhina te hau, engari ka taea tonu e ngā taumata haukini teitei te whakararuraru i te ika.
– Whakamahia ngā probiotics, ngā tātari koiora rānei (i roto i ētahi pūnaha) hei whakau i te tukanga whakapūngao waikawa, e hiahia ana hoki ki te hāora.
Ara, he wāhanga o te pūnaha rauropi roto te whakapūhau: ka ma ake, ka pumau ake te wai, ka mama ake te kawenga ki runga i te pūpūhau.
8. Te aroturuki me te aromatawai: te kī ki te hoahoa angitu
Kaua te hoahoa hauhautanga e mutu ina oti te tāuta i te taputapu. Whakahaerehia ngā aromatawai ā-wā mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine:
– Mita DO hei aroturuki i te DO i ētahi wāhi (te mata me te raro).
– He inemahana hei aroturuki i te pāmahana, nā te mea ka whakaitihia te wairewatanga o te hāora e ngā pāmahana teitei.
– Te mātakitaki i ngā whanonga o ngā ika: ko ngā ika e kohikohi ana i te mata, e ngenge ana, e kore rānei e pai ki te kai, he tohu pea tēnei o te DO raruraru.
Whakamātauria te pūnaha i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua, pērā i muri i te tere whāngai nui, i te wā ua nui rānei. Mēnā ka heke ngā taumata DO, whakaarohia te tāpiri atu i ētahi atu pūwāhi horapa, te whakarite anō i ngā aerator, te whakanui ake rānei i te kaha o te pupuhi/wira.
Te Katinga
Ko te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha whakapūngao hau i roto i te puna ika me mārama ki ngā hiahia hāora o ngā ika, ki ngā āhuatanga o te puna, me te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu me te tahora e tika ana. Kāore e tika kia tino utu nui, kia tino kaha rānei te whakapūngao hau whai hua, engari me kaha ki te pupuri i ngā taumata DO pumau, te hanga i te tohanga toto ōrite, me te noho haumaru i roto i ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Mā te hoahoa ine pai, te aroturuki auau, me te whakauru ki te whakahaere whāngai me te kounga wai, ka noho te whakapūngao hau hei "ngakau" o te puna, ka whakatairanga i te tipu tere, hauora o ngā ika, me te kotinga auau ake.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi tauira hoahoa whakapūngao i runga i ngā raraunga o tō puna (rahi o te puna, te hōhonutanga, ngā momo ika, te kiato o ngā kararehe, me te whāinga hauhake).
