Ngā Hiahia Hāora mō ngā Ika i ngā Wāhanga Rerekē o te Ora
Ko te hāora rewa (DO) tētahi o ngā mea tino nui o te oranga ika. Ki te kore he hāora e ranea, kāore e taea e ngā ika te whakaputa pūngao hei neke, hei whāngai, hei tipu, hei whawhai i ngā mate, hei whakaputa uri rānei. I roto i ngā wai tūturu me ngā wai ahuwhenua, ka tere te rerekē o ngā taumata hāora nā te pāmahana, te mātotoru o ngā ika, te mahi whakaahua plankton, ngā ia wai, me te kohikohinga o ngā kai kāore i kainga. He mea whakamīharo, he rerekē ngā hiahia hāora mō ngā ika puta noa i ō rātou oranga. He rerekē ngā āheinga me ngā whakaritenga ā-tinana o ia wāhanga—mai i te hua manu ki te uri. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei rerekētanga hei whakahaere i te kounga o te wai, hei whakapai ake i te oranga, hei arotau hoki i te tipu o ngā ika.
He aha te hāora rewa, ā, he aha i hiranga ai?
Ko te hāora rewa ko te hāora kei roto i te wai, ā, e wātea ana mō te manawa o ngā mea ora wai. Ka "manawa" ngā ika mā te whakamahi i ngā pihanga, e tango ana i te hāora mai i te wai. Kātahi ka whakamahia tēnei hāora i roto i te pākia o te tinana hei huri i ngā matūkai hei pūngao. Ina iti te DO, ka pāngia ngā ika e te ahotea, te heke o te hiahia kai, te puhoi o te tipu, me te piki haere o te mate. I ngā āhuatanga tino iti, ka "hau" pea ngā ika i te mata i a rātou e ngana ana ki te tango i te wai me te DO teitei ake, ahakoa kāore rātou e manawa tika ana i te hāora mai i te rangi pērā i te tangata.
Ka taunekeneke hoki ngā taumata DO me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Ka whakaitihia e ngā pāmahana teitei ake te wairewatanga o te hāora engari ka whakanuia ake te hiahia o te ika ki te pākia o te tinana, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te korenga o te hāora. Ka taea e ngā taumata nui o te haukini me te nitrite te kino i ngā pihanga, ka whakaiti i tō rātou kaha ki te tango hāora. Nō reira, ko te hiahia hāora ehara i te mea ka whakatauhia e te rahi o te ika anake engari e te taiao me tō rātou hauora.
Ngā āhuatanga whānui e pā ana ki ngā hiahia hāora o ngā ika
I mua i te matapaki i ia wāhanga o te ora, he mea nui kia mārama ki ētahi āhuatanga e pā ana ki te hiahiatanga o te hāora:
1. Te rahi me te taumaha o te tinana: He nui ake te pākia o te tinana o ngā ika ririki mō ia taumaha, engari he nui ake te hāora katoa e hiahiatia ana e ngā ika nunui nā te mea he nui ake te taumaha o ō rātou tinana.
2. Ngā Mahi: Ko ngā ika e kauhoe kaha ana (hei tauira, i te wā e mataku ana, i ngā ia kaha, i te wā e kai ana rānei) me nui ake ngā taumata hāora e hiahiatia ana.
3. Pāmahana: Ka piki te pāmahana → ka piki te pākia o te tinana → ka piki ake te hiahia mō te hāora, engari ka heke te hiahia mō te hāora rewa.
4. Te kiato o ngā kararehe: Ka nui haere te kiato, ka piki ake te nui o te hāora e whakamahia ana, ā, ka ngawari te heke o te DO, inā koa i te pō.
5. Kai me ngā mea rauropi: Mā te whāngai ka nui ake te mahi a ngā ika, ā, ka nui ake hoki te nui o ngā mea rauropi ka pirau i ngā huakita, ka nui ake hoki te hāora e whakamahia ana e ēnei mea.
6. Momo: He rerekē te manawanui o ia momo ki te DO. He nui ake te manawanui o te ika kātī me te ika māhunga nakahi ki te DO iti i te ika taraute, te ika hāmana rānei.
Me te whai i tēnei anga, kia tirohia ngā hiahia hāora i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te oranga o te ika.
Wāhanga hua manu: ngā matea pumau me te tairongo
I te wā o te hua manu, kāore he pihanga o te kukune, ā, ka whakawhirinaki ki te horapa o te hāora mā roto i te kiriuhi hua manu. Nā te mea he tikanga kore mahi tēnei, he tino tairongo ngā hua manu ki te iti o te mākū o te hāora (DO). Ahakoa te āhua "pai" o ngā ika pakeke, ka kore pea ngā hua e whanake, e pao rānei i roto i ngā āhuatanga rawakore hāora.
I roto i ngā mahi whakatipu, me whiwhi ngā hua manu i ēnei:
– He wai ma, he wai puhoi te rere, kia noho tonu ai te hāora, kia kore ai hoki e kohia ngā para o te pākia o te tinana.
– He tiketike, he pumau hoki te DO, nā te mea ka taea e ngā piki me ngā heke tino nui te whakararuraru i te whanaketanga o te kukune.
– Te pāmahana whakahaeretia, nā te mea ka pā te pāmahana ki te tere o te whanaketanga o te kukune me te hiahia hāora.
Mena he iti te DO i tēnei wā, ko te pānga pea ko te whakaroa i te pao, ngā hapa, te iti rānei o te reiti pao.
Larva (kātahi anō ka pao): he nui ngā hiahia, he iti ngā pūkenga
He wā tino uaua kei mua i ngā torongū hou kua puta. He tino iti ō rātou tinana, kāore anō kia pakari ō rātou whekau, ā, kei te whanake tonu ō rātou pihanga. I te tīmatanga he pēke toua tō rātou, engari me whai hāora tonu rātou hei pupuri i ngā mahi a te tinana me te tipu o ngā kiko.
I te wāhanga torongū, ko ngā wero matua ko:
– He nui te mata o te tinana ki te rahi, nō reira he nui tonu te whakawhiti hau mā te kiri, engari he ngoikore tonu ki te kounga wai kino.
– He iti noa ngā rahui pūngao, nō reira, ina kore e nui te hāora, ka tere te ngoikore o ngā torongū.
– He nui te kikī o ngā torongū i roto i ngā puna e whānau ana, i ngā puna whakatupu tamariki rānei, ā, ka nui te hāora e pau ana i te nuinga o te wā.
Nō reira, ko te tikanga, me whai tikanga haumaru ake te hau mō ngā torongū i ngā ika pakeke. He mea nui te hau mārie, te tohanga pai, me te whakahaere kai ora (hei tauira, ngā rotifer, ngā kūmara wai māori rānei) kāore e whakapoke i te wai hei ārai i te hekenga o te hau mō ngā ika.
Ngā kōhungahunga/paraoa: ka piki ake ngā hiahia i te tipu me te mahi whāngai
I muri i te urunga ki te wāhanga kōura, ki te wāhanga taitamariki rānei, ka kaha ake te whai hua o ngā pihanga me te pūnaha tohanga toto. Heoi, i tēnei wāhanga, ka tīmata ngā ika ki te whāngai kaha me te tipu tere—e rua ngā āhuatanga e whakanui ana i ō rātou hiahia pūngao me te hāora. I roto i te mahi ahuwhenua ika, he maha ngā wā ka tohuhia tēnei wā e te whāngai kaha ake me te nui o ngā kararehe, ka hua ake he nui ake te mōrearea o te hekenga o te DO.
Ngā āhuatanga o ngā whakaritenga hāora i te wāhanga purapura:
– He nui te pānga o te DO ki te hiahia kai me te tipu. Ko te iti o te DO ka whakaiti tonu i te kai e kainga ana.
– He nui tonu te aro ki ngā piki me ngā heke. Ka pāngia ngā purapura e te ahotea ina heke whakarere te DO, hei tauira, i te ata pō i te wā e mutu ai te whakaahua me te manawa nui.
– Ka piki ake te whakataetae hāora i ngā wā he nui ngā kiato, inā koa i ngā roto kāore he hau kaha.
Ko te whakahaere pai i tēnei wā ko te whakapūmau i te hau, te whakarite i te kiato o ngā kararehe, me te whakarite i tētahi wā whāngai kāore e nui rawa, inā koa i te ahiahi/ahiahi mena he iti te whakapūmau i te hau.
Taiohi–pakeke (wāhanga tipu): ko ngā matea katoa te mea nui rawa atu
I te wā tipu me te pakeketanga, kua pakeke ngā whekau manawa o ngā ika, ā, he ngāwari ake te urutau. Heoi, ka nui haere te hiahia mō te hāora katoa nā te taumaha o te koiora i roto i te roto/whare. Ahakoa ka heke pea te hiahia mō te hāora mō ia karamu o te taumaha tinana ki te whakataurite ki ngā parai, ka tino piki ake te hiahia mō te hāora katoa e pau ana i te taupori katoa.
I tēnei wāhanga, ka pā te iti o te DO ki:
– Ka pōturi te tipu nā te koretake o te pākia o te pūngao.
– Ka kino haere te hurihanga o te kai (ka piki ake te FCR), nā te mea kei te ahotea ngā ika, ā, kāore te kai i te nakunaku pai rawa atu.
– Te pikinga ake o te pāngia e ngā mate, tae atu ki ngā mate kitakita/parataiti nā te ahotea mau tonu.
– Te mōrearea o te mate nui, inā koa i te pō ki te ata pō ina tae te DO ki tōna taumata iti rawa.
I roto i te maha o ngā pūnaha whakatipu kaha, ko te wā whakatipu te wā e tino hira ana te whakahaere i te hau me te tohanga toto hei angitu. He maha ake ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te aroturuki i te DO i ngā hāora nui (tata ki te 3:00–6:00 AM) i ngā inenga awatea.
Ngā uri: ka pāngia ngā hiahia e te pakeketanga o ngā gonad me te ahotea whānau.
I roto i ngā ika uri, ko te hiahia hāora e pā ana ki te āhua o te tinana, te pakeketanga o ngā gonad, me te mahi i te wā e whānau ana. He nui te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mō te tukanga hanganga hua/parāoa, nō reira me whai āhuatanga taiao pumau ngā ika uri hei karo i te ahotea. I te wā e whānau ana, ka piki ake te mahi kaukau me te whanonga moepuku, ka piki ake te whakamahinga hāora.
Ngā mea nui mō te matua:
– He mea nui ake te pumau o te DO i ngā tau poto noa iho. Ka taea e ngā piki me ngā heke te whakararu i ngā homoni whakaputa uri me te kounga o ngā gamete.
– Ka piki ake te hiahia hāora mō te kawe me te whakahaere (te whakarōpūtanga, te whiriwhiri i ngā momo pi) nā te ahotea. Ina hopukina/kupengahia ngā momo pi, ka piki tere te tere o te manawa.
– Ka heke te kounga o te hua manu me te parāoa mēnā ka noho roa te uri ki te DO iti.
Ina koa i ngā wā e whakahaeretia ana te whakaputa uri, mā te pai o te hau me te rere o te wai ka angitu te whakatinanatanga me te pao.
Ngā tohu o te korenga o te hāora i roto i ngā ika
Hei tere ake te whakahaere, anei ngā tohu noa o te korenga o te hāora:
– Ka huihui ngā ika ki runga i te mata o te wai, ki te taha rānei o te pūaha wai
– Te nekehanga tere o te operculum (te uhi pihanga)
– Te āhua ngoikore o ngā ika, te heke o te urupare ki te kai
– He maha ngā ika e "iri" ana i te taha o te pūwero hau
– I mate i te atatu
Ki te puta mai ēnei tohu, me tere te mahi pēnei i te whakanui ake i te hau e tukuna ana, te whakanui ake i te whakawhiti wai, te whakaiti i te kai, me te whakaiti i te mātotoru (mēnā ka taea).
Te Katinga
Ka rerekē ngā hiahia mō te hāora o ngā ika puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora: he tino tairongo ngā hua manu nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te horapa; he nui ngā taumata DO e hiahiatia ana e ngā torongū engari he iti te kaha manawa; he nui ngā taumata hāora e hiahiatia ana e ngā parai hei tautoko i te tipu tere; he nui te hāora e hiahiatia ana i te wā tipu nā te mea kua piki ake te koiora katoa; ā, me whai taumata DO pumau ngā uri mō te whakaputa uri pai rawa atu. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā hiahia hāora i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ora ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi pāmu me ngā kaiwhakahaere ahumoana ki te aukati i te ahotea, te whakanui ake i te oranga, te whakapai ake i te tipu, me te pupuri i te angitu whakaputa uri. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea he tawhā wai noa iho te hāora—koinei te tūāpapa o te hua me te hauora o ngā ika.
