Te Haumaru Kai i roto i ngā Hua Ika Tukatuka
He take nui te haumaru kai i roto i te umanga hī ika, inā koa mō ngā hua ika tukatuka e horapa whānuitia ana i ngā mākete tuku iho me ngā toa hokohoko hou. E mōhiotia ana te ika hei puna o te pūmua kounga teitei, ngā waikawa ngako omega-3, ngā huaora, me ngā kohuke, engari he kai pirau hoki. Nō reira, me whakahaere tika ngā hua ika tukatuka mai i te wā i riro mai ai ngā rauemi mata, puta noa i te tukanga whakaputa, tae noa ki te tohatoha me te whakaaturanga. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga nui o te haumaru kai i roto i ngā hua ika tukatuka, ngā tūponotanga ka pā mai, me ngā mahi whakahaere ka taea te whakatinana hei pupuri i te kounga me te tiaki i ngā kaihoko.
He aha ngā take mō te haumaru kai e pāngia ai ngā hua ika tukatuka?
He nui te wai o te ika, he tino pirau te pūmua, ā, he tere te mahi whākōkī. Mā tēnei huinga ka tere ake te pirau mena kāore e mau tonu te pāmahana me te akuaku. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te ika te noho hei wāhi whakatipu mō ngā moroiti mate mena kāore i te pai te whakahaere. I roto i ngā hua kua tukatukahia, ka piki ake te mōrearea nā te mea ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te whakawhiti poke mā te huri, te whakaranu i ngā kai, me te pā ki ngā taputapu. Arā, kāore te tukatuka e hanga i te ika kia haumaru; me waiho hei taahiraa whakahaere kua hoahoatia pai.
Ngā momo hua ika tukatuka me ō rātou āhuatanga mōrearea
He tino kanorau ngā hua ika tukatuka, mai i ngā pōro ika, ngā nati, ngā hōtiti, te surimi, te pempek (keke ika), te otak-otak (keke ika), te miro ika, te ika tote, te ika pindang, te ika auahi, tae noa ki ngā ika kēne. He rerekē ngā mōrearea o ia ika:
1. Ngā hua hou kua rite ki te tunu (hei tauira, ngā ika matao): he tino pāngia e te mekameka matao.
2. Ngā hua tio (naketi, mītiporo, surimi tio): he tino haumaru mēnā he pumau te pāmahana tio, engari he morearea mēnā he hē te whakarewa.
3. Ngā hua kua whakapūkaratia, kua totea (ika tote, ika totea): kua tiakina nā te tote/whakapūkara, engari ka taea te whai tūponotanga matū me te koiora mena kāore te tukanga e whakahaeretia.
4. Ngā hua paowa: tera pea ka puta mai ētahi matū mai i te paowa me te poke i muri i te tukatuka mena he kino te akuaku.
5. Ngā hua kēne: he haumaru mēnā he tika te tukanga whakahoromata, engari he morearea mēnā ka hē te tukanga, ā, ka puta te tipu o ngā moroiti anaerobic.
He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga hei whakatau i ngā pūwāhi whakahaere matua i ia raina whakaputa.
Ngā tūponotanga matua o ngā hua ika tukatuka
I roto i te haumaru kai, ka whakarōpūtia ngā tūponotanga ki te koiora, te matū, me te tinana.
1) Ngā tūponotanga koiora
Ko ngā tūponotanga koiora te tino take o te paihana kai. I roto i ngā ika me ngā hua ika, ko ētahi o ngā mate urutā hei tūpato māu ko:
– Salmonella spp.: ka puta mai i te kore o te akuaku, te wai poke, te whakawhiti poke rānei.
– Listeria monocytogenes: he morearea i roto i ngā hua kua rite ki te kai, ā, ka tupu pea i ngā pāmahana makariri.
– Vibrio spp. (hei tauira, Vibrio parahaemolyticus): he maha ake ngā hononga ki ngā kaimoana, ina koa mēnā ka kainga kāore i te tino maoa.
– Staphylococcus aureus: ka puta he paitini ātete wera; he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i ngā kaimahi, i ngā taputapu poke rānei.
– Clostridium botulinum: he tino morearea i roto i ngā hua kua tākaihia ki te korehau, i ngā ika auahi, i ngā hua kēne rānei mēnā he pai ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, ā, kāore i te rawaka te tukanga.
Haunga ngā huakita, ko tētahi atu mōrearea ko ngā pirinoa i roto i ētahi momo ika. Mā te tukatuka me te wera e tika ana, te whakatio rānei i runga i ngā paerewa ka taea te whakaiti i tēnei mōrearea.
2) Ngā tūponotanga matū
Kei roto i ngā tūponotanga matū ngā poke taiao, ngā poke taiao, me ngā tāpiringa kāore i te tika. Ētahi tauira nui:
– Histamine: Ka puta i roto i ētahi ika (hei tauira, te tuna, te skipjack, te makarela) ina rongoatia ki roto i te pouaka whakamātao. Kāore te histamine e whakangaromia i te tunu kai, nō reira ko te ārai matua ko te whakahaere i te pāmahana mai i te hopunga ki te tukatuka.
– Ngā konganuku taumaha (mercury, lead, cadmium): ka puta mai i ngā taiao wai poke. Ka whakahaerehia te whakahaere mā te whiriwhiri i ngā pūtake rauemi mata me te whakamātautau auau.
– Ngā toenga matū: pērā i ngā toenga patu huakita kāore i horoia tika, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā tāpiringa kai (BTP) e hipa ana i te taumata e tika ana.
– Ngā matū mai i te tukanga momi: Ki te kore e whakahaerea te momi, ka piki ake ngā matū kāore e hiahiatia. Nō reira, me whakahaere te kōwhiringa wahie, te pāmahana, me te roa o te momi.
3) Ngā tūponotanga ā-tinana
Kei roto i ngā tūponotanga ā-tinana ngā mea ke ka whara pea i ngā kaihoko, pērā i ngā wheua ika, ngā konganuku whakarewa mai i ngā mīhini, ngā kirihou pakaru, te karāhe, ngā kōhatu rānei. Ko te ārai i ngā mea kino ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā tikanga wehewehe, te whakamahi i ngā mata, ngā taputapu kite whakarewa (i roto i ngā wāhi ahumahi), me te tiaki taputapu.
Te kī ki te whakahaere: mai i ngā rauemi mata ki te tohatoha
Kāore e taea te "whakapaipai" i te haumaru kai i te mutunga o te tukanga. Me hanga puta noa i te mekameka whakaputa.
1) Te whiriwhiri me te whakaae i ngā rauemi mata
Ko ngā rauemi mata e whakatau ana i te 70–80% o te kounga o te hua whakamutunga. Ko ngā mahi e taunakitia ana ko:
– Me whakarite kia ahu mai ngā ika i ngā kaiwhakarato pono me ngā wai haumaru.
– Tirohia te hou (te kakara, te kakano, te tae, ngā kanohi, ngā pihanga) me te pāmahana ina tae mai.
– Whakamahia he hukapapa ma me te wai e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa.
– Whakatinanahia he pūnaha tuhi (aroturuki) kia māmā ai te maumahara ki ngā hua mēnā ka puta he raruraru.
2) Te whakahaere pāmahana me te mekameka makariri
He mea nui te pāmahana mō te tipu o te moroiti. Ko te mātāpono matua:
– Me whakamatao tonu ngā ika hou ki te hukapapa, ā, me penapena ki te pāmahana iti.
– Me pupuri kia mau te tio o ngā hua kua tio i te wā e rongoa ana, e tohatoha ana hoki.
– Me whakarewa i roto i te pouaka whakamātao, me whakamahi rānei i tētahi tikanga whakahaere, kaua e waiho kia roa rawa ki te pāmahana rūma.
3) Te akuaku, te akuaku whaiaro, me te ārai i te whakawhiti poke
He maha ngā take o te paihana kai e puta mai ana i ngā wāhi mahi me ngā kaimahi kāore i te whai i ngā ture. Ngā mahi nui:
– Horoia ō ringaringa kia tika, whakamahia he karapu mēnā e tika ana, ā, taupokina te patunga.
– Wehea te wāhi "paru" (ngā kai mata) me te wāhi "ma" (ngā hua kua tunua/kua rite ki te kai).
– Whakamahia ngā oko motuhake mō ngā ika mata me ngā kai kua tunua.
– Whakaritea he wā mo te horoi me te whakahāngai i ngā taputapu, tae atu ki ngā papa tapahi, ngā maripi, ngā huri me ngā tēpu whakaputa.
4) Te tukanga whakamahana me te tukatuka
Mō ngā hua pēnei i ngā pōro ika, ngā nati, ngā pindang, ngā ika kēne rānei, ko te whāinga o te whakamahana he whakaiti i ngā moroiti mate. Heoi, me:
– He rawaka, he ōrite (kaua ko waho anake).
– Ngā tikanga paerewa e tautokona ana: te pāmahana, te wā, me te rahi o te hua e rite ana.
– Whai muri i tēnā, ka tere te whakamatao hei ārai i te tipu o ngā moroiti ina kei roto te hua i te "rohe mōrearea" o te pāmahana.
5) Te tākai me te rokiroki
Ehara i te mea ko te ataahua anake te kaupapa o te takai, engari ko te tiaki hoki i te poke. Kia mōhio:
– Ngā rauemi tākai kounga kai.
– Te ma o ngā wāhi takai (he maha ngā wā ka pāngia anō e te paru).
– Mārama ngā tapanga: te rā hanga, te rā paunga, ngā tohutohu rokiroki, me ngā tohutohu tunu kai mēnā e tika ana.
6) Te tohatoha me te hoko
Ka taea e te hua kua haumaru kē te noho hei mea morearea mēnā ka tohatohahia kinotia. Nō reira:
– Whakamahia ngā waka whakamatao mō ngā hua matao/tio.
– Aroturuki i te pāmahana i te wā e tukuna ana.
– Whakamahia te mātāpono FIFO/FEFO (Tuatahi ki roto, tuatahi ki waho/Tuatahi ki pau, tuatahi ki waho).
Ngā pūnaha whakapūmau haumaru kai: GMP, SSOP, me te HACCP
Ko te tikanga whānui o te umanga tukatuka ika:
– GMP (Ngā Tikanga Hanga Pai): ngā tikanga whakaputa pai, tae atu ki te tahora wheketere, te rere o te mahi, me te whakahaere tukanga.
– SSOP (Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Paerewa Parakore): ngā tikanga akuaku tuhituhi e whakahaerehia ana i ngā wā katoa.
– HACCP (Tātari Tūponotanga me ngā Pūwāhi Mana Tino Hira): tātari tūponotanga me te whakatau i ngā pūwāhi mana tino hira, hei tauira, te tunu kai, te whakamatao, te whakahoromata rānei i ngā hua kēne.
Mā te whakatinanatanga o ēnei pūnaha e toru ka āwhina i ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi nunui kia pai ake ai te whakarite ki te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa mākete me te tiaki i ngā kaihoko.
Te tūranga o ngā kaihoko: te haumaru kai i roto i te kīhini kāinga
Ka pāngia hoki te haumaru o te kai e ngā whanonga a te kaihoko. Ko ētahi mahi māmā engari he mea nui:
– Penapenahia te ika me ngā hua ika tukatuka kia rite ki ngā tohutohu kei te tapanga.
– Kaua e waiho kia roa rawa te whakarewa i ngā hua tio i te pāmahana rūma.
– Tunua kia tino tunua, inā koa mō ngā kai mata, ngā kai kāore anō kia maoa.
– Wehea ngā papa tapatapahi/maripi mō ngā kai mata me ngā kai kua rite ki te kai.
– Kaua e kai i ngā hua he kakara kaha rawa, he paru rawa, he pūkohu rānei ngā takai (ina koa ko ngā hua kēne, he tohu mōrearea nui tēnei).
Te Katinga
He kawenga tahi te haumaru o te kai i roto i ngā hua ika tukatuka, mai i ngā kaihao ika me ngā kaiwhakarato rauemi mata, ā, haere tonu ki ngā kaihanga mā te whakahaere i te pāmahana, te akuaku, te tukatuka tika, me te tohatoha e pupuri ana i te mekameka makariri. Me whakahaere ngā tūponotanga koiora pēnei i ngā huakita pathogenic, ngā tūponotanga matū pēnei i te histamine me ngā konganuku taumaha, me ngā tūponotanga tinana pēnei i ngā tataramoa konganuku, ngā konganuku maramara rānei mā roto i tētahi pūnaha kua whakaritea. Mā te whakatinanatanga tonu o te GMP, SSOP, me te HACCP, ka taea e ngā hua ika tukatuka te noho hei kai reka me te whai kiko, engari he haumaru hoki mō te marea.
