Ngā Pānga o te Hī Ika Turekore ki te Ōhanga
Ko te hī ika turekore—e kiia ana ko te hī ika turekore, kāore i te ripoatatia, me te kore ture (IUU Fishing)—e nui atu i te takahi noa i ngā ture moana. He raruraru ōhanga uaua tēnei mahi, e pā ana ki ngā moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga, te pumau o ngā rauemi, te whakataetae pakihi, tae atu ki te oranga o ngā hapori takutai. Ina hopukina ngā ika me te kore whakaaetanga, ngā ture kāore i te ripoatatia, ngā ture whakahaere rānei i waho, ka horapa ngā pānga mai i ngā kaipuke i te moana ki ngā utu ika i te mākete, mai i ngā tahua kāwanatanga ki te haumarutanga kai. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga ngā pānga o te hī ika turekore ki te ōhanga whānui: ko wai ka whara, ngā tikanga whara, me te take he haumi ōhanga roa ngā mahi ki te whakakore i te hī ika IUU.
1. Te ngaronga o ngā moni whiwhi ā-rohe me ā-motu
Ko te tikanga tino kitea ko te ngaronga o ngā moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga. Ko ngā mahi hī ika ture e herea ana e ngā herenga maha: ngā whakaaetanga, ngā taake, ngā takoha tauranga, ngā moni whiwhi kāwanatanga kore-taake (PNBP), me ngā herenga pūrongo hopu ika. Ka karohia e ngā mahi hī ika ture kore ēnei taputapu katoa. Nō reira, ka ngaro i te kāwanatanga ngā moni whiwhi pea ka taea te whakamahi hei putea i ngā ratonga tūmatanui, pērā i te mātauranga, te hauora, ngā hanganga tauranga, me ngā kaupapa whakamana i ngā kaihao ika.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā moni whiwhi ā-rohe e te hī ika turekore, inā koa i ngā rohe takutai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hī ika hei oranga mō rātou. Ina utaina ngā ika i ngā tauranga kāore i te mana, ina tukuna tika rānei ki ētahi atu kaipuke i te moana (transshipment), ka whakakorea hoki ngā mahi ōhanga e puta ana i ngā tauranga—pērā i ngā ratonga kawe waka, te rokiroki makariri, ngā taonga kaipuke, me te hokohoko ā-rohe. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ehara i te mea ko ngā pūtea a te kāwanatanga anake engari ko ngā whanaketanga ōhanga ā-rohe anō hoki.
2. Te whakapōturitanga o te utu me te whakataetae pakihi kore tika
Ko ngā kamupene, ngā pakihi rānei e whakahaere ture ana, e utu ana i ngā utu mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga: ngā whakaaetanga, ngā taputapu hī ika e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, ngā paerewa mahi, ngā utu tauranga, me ngā herenga aroturuki. I tua atu, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere ture kore te hoko i ā rātou hopunga ika i ngā utu iti iho nā te mea kāore rātou e utu i ēnei utu. Ka puta he whakataetae koretake.
I te taha ōhanga, ka whakararu tēnei whakapōrearea i ngā tikanga mākete. Ka taea e ngā utu "iti" mō ngā ika i hopukina turekore te whakaheke i ngā utu mākete whānui, ka whakaiti i ngā tawhē hua mō ngā kaihao ika me ngā kamupene ture. I roto i te wā roa, ka mutu pea ngā pakihi a ngā kaiwhakahaere ture, ka whakaiti rānei i ā rātou mahi. Nō reira, ka pakarukaru te hanganga o te umanga: ko te hunga e ora ana ehara i te hunga tino whai hua me te hunga tino tutuki i ngā ture, engari ko te hunga e tino kaha ana ki te karo i ngā ture. Ki te mau tonu tēnei āhuatanga, ka iti ake te kukume o te haumi ki te rāngai hī ika—ahakoa i roto i ngā waka, i ngā hangarau hī ika e pai ana ki te taiao, i ngā whare tukatuka rānei—nā te pikinga ake o te mōrearea o te whakataetae kore taurite.
3. Ngā mate ōhanga nā te hekenga o ngā ika
Ko te hī ika turekore e hono ana ki te hī ika nui rawa me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hī ika whakangaro. Ko tōna pānga ōhanga ka puta mai i te hekenga o ngā momo ika. Ina heke ngā momo ika, me hī ika tawhiti atu, me te roa atu hoki kia rite te nui o te ika e mau ana. Ka piki ake ngā utu whakahaere: ka piki ake hoki ngā mōrearea mō te wahie, ngā taonga, me te haumaru mahi. Ka heke te hua o ngā ika mō ia mahi hī ika, ā, ka mutu, ka heke te moni whiwhi a ngā kai hī ika.
I te taumata whānui, ko ngā ika he rawa taiao (pūtea taiao) e tautoko ana i te whakaputanga ōhanga pumau. Mēnā ka heke te uara o ēnei rawa, ka ngaro te "pūtea" e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa moni ā muri ake nei i te ōhanga. Ka nui ake hoki ngā utu a te kāwanatanga mō te whakaora rauemi mā roto i ngā kaupapa here pēnei i te kati i ngā rohe hī ika, te whakakī anō i ngā taonga, te aroturukitanga nui ake, me ngā kaupapa utu mō ngā kaihao ika kua pāngia. Ko ēnei katoa he utu ōhanga tūturu kua taea te karo mēnā i whakahaerehia te hī ika i runga i ngā ture.
4. Pānga ki te mahi me te oranga o ngā hapori takutai moana
Ehara i te mea ko te mahi hī ika anake te kaupapa o te mahi hī ika, engari he pūnaha mahi anō hoki: he kaihao ika, he kaimahi tāpui ika, he kaimahi wheketere hukapapa, he taraiwa kawe waka, he kaihokohoko, he kaihanga ika o te whare, tae noa ki te umanga whakakī kēne. Ina whakaitihia e te hī ika turekore ngā hopunga a ngā kaihao ika o te rohe, ina whakahekehia rānei ngā utu, ka heke ngā whiwhinga moni a ngā whānau o te takutai moana. Ka kitea te pānga kino i roto i te pikinga o te ngoikore o te ōhanga: ka piki ake te nama a ngā kaihao ika, ka heke te kai o te whare, ā, ka ngoikore haere tō rātou kaha ki te putea i te mātauranga o ā rātou tamariki.
Hei tāpiri atu, i roto i te nuinga o ngā take o te ao, e hono ana te hī ika turekore ki ngā mahi kaimahi kino, tae atu ki te mahi ā-ture, ngā utu iti, me ngā āhuatanga mahi morearea. Ahakoa ka "whakaitihia ngā utu" mō ngā kaiwhakahaere turekore e ēnei mahi, he nui ngā utu pāpori me te ōhanga: ka whakaitihia te kounga o te hunga mahi, ka whakanuia ngā taumahatanga pāpori, ā, ka waihangahia he mekameka tuku kore tikanga e tūpono ai te ngaronga o te mākete.
5. Ngā mōrearea ki ngā kaweake me te ingoa hokohoko
I tēnei wā o te hokohoko o te ao, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whai i ngā hua. He maha ngā whenua e ahu mai ana ki te kaweake e whakatinana ana i ngā paerewa pakari mō te takenga mai o ngā hua hī ika, te ture o te hī ika, me te tutuki i ngā ture tiaki taiao. Mena kei te whakapaehia he whenua, he rohe rānei kei te tiki hua hī ika ture kore, ka uru pea ki te pānga te whakakorenga o ngā kawemai, te whakanui ake i ngā tirotiro, me ētahi atu arai kore-taake.
He pānga ōhanga tika ēnei mōrearea: ka piki ake ngā utu tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, ka puhoi ake ngā tukanga kaweake, ā, ka ngaro te whakapono o ngā kaihoko ki ngā pakihi. Ka pā pea ngā take rongonui ki ngā hua hī ika ture, i te mea e uaua ana ngā mākete ki te wehewehe i waenga i ngā ika ture me ngā ika ture kore me te kore he pūnaha whaiwhai pakari. Nō reira, ka iti haere ngā whai wāhitanga mō te pikinga o te uara tāpiri mā te tiwhikete pumau me ngā utu utu nui.
6. Te kawenga pūtea mō te tirotiro me te whakatinanatanga o te ture
Ko te whakakore i te hī ika turekore e hiahiatia ana he tahua nui: ngā tirotiro moana, ngā hangarau aroturuki kaipuke, te whakapakari i ngā tauranga hī ika, ngā tukanga tirotiro, tae atu ki ngā tukanga whakawā. Mai i te tirohanga ōhanga tūmatanui, koinei ngā utu me utu e te kāwanatanga hei kati i ngā arai e whakamahia ana e ngā kaimahi turekore. Mena he teitei te reiti takahi ture, ka piki ake te tahua aroturuki, ā, ka taea te "neke" i ētahi atu kaupapa whakapaunga.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te tirotiro ture ka taea te tiro hei haumitanga. Ina whai hua te whakatinanatanga o te ture, ka piki ake ngā moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga, ka pai ake te tiaki i ngā ika, ā, ka pai ake te āhuarangi pakihi. Ko te wero ko te whakarite kia whai hua te whakahaere i ngā whakapaunga tirotiro: mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau, ā, mā te tautoko i te mahi tahi a ngā tari hei ārai i te pikinga o ngā utu whakatinana ture me te kore hua.
7. Te whakararuraru i ngā mekameka tuku me ngā ahumahi tukatuka
E hiahia ana te umanga tukatuka ki tētahi puna rauemi mata pumau, kounga teitei. Ka puta te koretake i te hī ika turekore: ka piki ohorere ngā puna (ka heke ngā utu) ka heke rānei nā te whakatinanatanga o ngā ture, te hopukanga o ngā kaipuke, ngā huringa rānei o ngā huarahi hī ika turekore. Ka uaua te whakamahere whakaputa, te haumi mīhini, me ngā kirimana roa me ngā kaihoko nā tēnei koretake.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he maha ngā wā ka warewarehia e ngā mahi ture kore ngā paerewa whakahaere ika: te mekameka makariri, te akuaku, te pupuri tuhinga rānei. Ko te mutunga iho he iti ake te kounga o ngā hua me te nui ake o ngā para. I roto i ngā tikanga ōhanga, ka puta he koretake o te whakaputanga - he nui ake ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana hei whakaputa i te hua kotahi, ā, ko ētahi o ngā ika kua kore e whai hua nā te mea kua pirau.
8. Ngā pānga mō te wā roa ki te haumarutanga kai
Mō te maha o ngā whenua moutere me ngā takutai moana, ko te ika te puna matua o te pūmua, ā, he iti te utu. Mēnā ka pau ngā ika me ngā rauropi i te hī ika turekore, ka heke pea te wātea o ngā ika ā-whare, ka piki rānei ngā utu, inā koa mō ngā ika kai e tino hiahiatia ana. Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā hapori iti te moni whiwhi te hunga e tino pāngia ana e te pikinga o ngā whakapaunga kai.
Ina ngoikore ngā puna pūmua ā-rohe, ka nui ake te whakawhirinaki o te whenua ki ngā kawemai. Ka nui ake te taumahatanga o te moni tāwāhi, ā, ka noho whakaraerae te haumarutanga kai ki ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu o te ao, ngā raruraru whakahaere, ngā raruraru ā-ao rānei. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he tūmomo mōrearea ōhanga anake te hī ika turekore ki te rāngai hī ika, engari ki ngā ōhanga o ngā whare me te pumau o te hapori.
9. He aha te take e whai hua ai te whakakore i te hī ika turekore ki te taha ōhanga?
Mai i te tirohanga kaupapa here, ko te ārai i te hī ika IUU e kiia ana he kaupapa here noa iho mō te whakatinanatanga o te ture. Ko te mea pono, he kaupapa here ōhanga: te tiaki i ngā rawa taiao, te whakapai ake i te āhuarangi pakihi, te whakapakari i ngā moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga, me te whakarite i te pumau o ngā mahi takutai moana. Ko ngā mahi whai hua ko te whakapakari i te raihana me te ripoata, te aroturukitanga waka e ahu mai ana i te hangarau, te whakahaere i ngā tauranga taunga, te whai i ngā hua, me te mahi tahi ā-rohe hei whakatika i ngā mahi ture kore whakawhiti rohe.
Hei whakamutunga, me whai tika, me whai pūmau hoki te ōhanga hī ika hauora. Me whai māia ngā kaihao ika iti kāore ngā rauemi e pahuatia ana e ngā kaiwhakahaere ture kore, ā, me whai pūmau ngā pakihi ture kāore te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga e waiho i a rātou ki te korenga whakataetae. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he utu noa te whakakore i te hī ika ture kore, engari he haumitanga hei whakarite kia noho te hī ika hei pou ōhanga pumau—ehara i te mea e tere ai te hua engari ka tere te memeha.
Te Katinga
He whānui ngā pānga ōhanga o te hī ika turekore: te whakaiti i ngā moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga, te whakakino i te whakataetae, te whakaiti i ngā ika, te whakawhāiti i te whai rawa o te takutai moana, te whakawehi i ngā kaweake, te whakanui ake i ngā kawenga tirotiro, te whakararuraru i ngā ahumahi tukatuka, me te ngoikore o te haumarutanga kai. He hononga honohono ēnei pānga, ā, ka taea te hanga i tētahi porowhita o ngā mate e piki haere tonu ana mēnā kāore e arohia. Nō reira, ko te whakapakari i te whakahaere hī ika, te whakamana ture, me te whai i te mekameka tuku he taahiraa rautaki hei tiaki i te ōhanga i nāianei me te whakarite kia mau tonu i te heke mai.
