Ngā Pānga Taiao o te Whakatipu Ika
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te mahi ahuwhenua ika hei whakatutuki i te hiahia o te ao mō te pūmua kararehe. I te mea kei te pāngia ngā ika i ngā rohe maha e te nui rawa o te hī ika me te huringa āhuarangi, e kitea ana te whakatipu ika, kōura, mātaitai, me te rimu hei otinga hei pupuri i ngā kai me te tautoko i ngā ōhanga takutai me ngā ōhanga taiwhenua. Heoi, ahakoa ōna takoha, he pānga taiao anō hoki tō te mahi ahuwhenua ika e hiahia ana kia māramahia te taurite. Kāore i te kino tonu ēnei pānga; ka taea e ētahi mahi ahuwhenua ika te whakapai ake i te kounga o te wai, ko ētahi ia ka taea te whakaiti i te kaha kawe o te rauropi mēnā kāore i te pai te whakahaere.
1. Te parahanga matūkai me te whakamomona i te wai
Ko tētahi o ngā pānga taiao e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana ko te pikinga o te nui o ngā matūkai—ina koa ko te hauota me te whākawa—i roto i ngā wai. Ka ahu mai tēnei i ngā kai kāore i kainga, i ngā paru ika, me ngā para pākia. I roto i ngā pūnaha whakatipu ika kaha pērā i ngā kete kupenga pōturi (KJA) i roto i ngā roto, i ngā moana rānei, i ngā roto kōura nui-kiato rānei, ka taea e te kohikohinga matūkai te whakaoho i te eutrophication, he pahūtanga o te tipu rimurimu. Ka taea e te eutrophication te whakaiti i ngā taumata hāora rewa i te mea ka mate, ka pirau hoki ngā rimurimu, ka arahi ki te hypoxia me te mate nui o ngā ika, i ngā mea ahuwhenua me ngā mea mohoao. I roto i ngā wai iti, i ngā wai iti rānei, ka nui ake te kino o tēnei pānga nā te kore e ranea te waimeha taiao.
2. Te hekenga o te kounga o te paru me ngā panonitanga o te turanga wai
I tua atu i te pou wai, ka kitea anō hoki ngā pānga o te whakatipu ika nui i roto i te paru (te papa o te wai). Ka taea e ngā putunga rauemi rauropi mai i ngā toenga kai me ngā paru te kohikohi, ka hanga he āhua anaerobic (kore hāora) i te papa. Nō reira, ka puta mai i te tukanga pirau ngā matū pēnei i te hauwai whanariki, he paitini ki ngā rauropi wai. Ko ngā huringa i roto i ngā hapori wai—ngā rauropi wai pērā i ngā noke, ngā mollusk iti, me ngā microfauna—he tohu noa mō te pirau o te taiao huri noa i ngā wāhi whakatipu ika. I roto i te wā roa, ka taea e ngā huringa paru te whakararuraru i ngā mekameka kai ā-rohe, me te whakaiti i te mahi a te pūnaha rauropi hei whenua whakatipu.
3. Te whakamahinga whāngai me te pēhanga ki ngā rauemi moana
Ko te mahi ahuwhenua i ngā momo kai kikokiko (hei tauira, te hāmana, te kūmara, ētahi ika moana utu nui rānei) he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he kai pūmua nui, e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te paraoa ika me te hinu ika mai i ngā mahi hī ika hopu. Mena ka ahu mai ngā kai kai i ngā momo ika kāore i te whakahaeretia pai, ka taea e te mahi ahuwhenua te neke i te pēhanga mai i tētahi pūnaha rauropi ki tētahi atu. Ahakoa ko te ia o nāianei i roto i te umanga kai kai ko te whakakapi i ngā kai tipu, ngā pepeke, ngā moroiti, ngā hua taha hī ika rānei, me aroturuki tēnei whakawhiti kia kore ai e pāngia hou, pērā i te whakawhānui i te whenua mō ētahi taonga ahuwhenua, te tapuwae waro nui rānei.
4. Ngā mate, ngā pirinoa, me te whakamahinga o ngā raau taero
Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te mate me te whanaketanga o ngā pirinoa nā te nui o ngā ika i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua ika. Ina puta he pakarutanga, ka whakamahia pea e ngā kaimahi pāmu, e ngā kaiwhakatipu rānei ngā paturopi, ngā patu huakita, ētahi atu matū rānei hei whakaiti i te mate. Mā te whakamahinga hē ka poke pea te wai, ka puta hoki te ātete ki ngā patu huakita, he raruraru hauora ka horapa atu ki tua atu i te rāngai hī ika. Hei tāpiri, ka horapa ngā mate mai i ngā wāhanga ahuwhenua ika ki ngā taupori ika mohoao, inā koa mēnā kei te tata te pāmu ki ngā huarahi heke, ki ngā kāinga noho nui rānei. Me whai i ngā tikanga tiaki koiora pakari, te werohanga (mō ētahi momo), me ngā pūnaha aroturuki hauora ika tonu mō ēnei pānga.
5. Te mawhiti o ngā ika ahuwhenua me ngā tūponotanga ki te kanorau koiora
Ka taea e ngā ika ahuwhenua te mawhiti mai i ngā whare herehere nā te kino o te kupenga, ngā awha, ngā hapa whakahaere rānei. Mena he ika ehara i te taketake, he momo rānei i whānau motuhaketia, kei reira te mōrearea o ngā pānga taiao: te whakataetae ki ngā ika mohoao, te kaipahua, tae noa ki te whakawhiti ira ka whakarerekē i te kanorau ira o ngā taupori o te rohe. I ētahi wā, ka taea e ngā momo whakaeke te whakarerekē i te hanganga rauropi me te pehi i ngā momo taketake. Nō reira, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā momo rohe e tika ana, te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha pupuri pakari, me te whakatinana i ngā tikanga ohorere mēnā ka turuturu te wai, hei whakaiti i ngā pānga.
6. Te hurihanga o ngā nohoanga takutai me te kino o te pūnaha rauropi
He roa te hītori o te whakatipu ika i te takutai moana, inā koa te mahi pāpaka, mō te hurihanga o ngā pāpaka. He tiaki takutai moana ngā pāpaka, he puna waro, he ārai ki te urunga mai o te wai tote, ā, he wāhi noho nui hoki mō ngā ika me ētahi atu mea ora. Ka taea e te ngaronga o ngā pāpaka te whakanui ake i te horo, te whakaheke i te kounga o te wai, me te whakaiti i ngā ratonga rauropi e whakarato ana i te uara ōhanga nui ki ngā hapori. Ahakoa e whakanui ana ngā mahi hou i te mahi pāpaka tauwhiro me te whakaora i ngā wāhi noho, kei te mau tonu ngā wero nui, inā koa i ngā wāhi he ngoikore te whakamahere wāhi, he iti rānei te tirotiro taiao.
7. Pānga ki te whakamahinga wai me te tote
I roto i ngā mahi ahuwhenua wai māori nui, i ngā roto rānei e hiahia ana kia whakawhitihia te wai i ia wā, ka noho te hiahia wai hei take taiao me te take pāpori, inā koa i ngā wāhi he iti noa te wai e wātea ana. I roto i ngā roto takutai, ka pā te tango wai me te tukunga wai para ki te tote o ngā wai e karapoti ana. Ki te kore e whakahaerea tika te rerenga wai, ka mimiti te wai tote ki roto i te whenua, ki ngā puna wai māori rānei (te urunga tote), ka pā ki te ahuwhenua me ngā hiahia o ngā hapori e karapoti ana.
8. Ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi me te tapuwae waro
He tapuwae waro anō hoki tā te mahi ahuwhenua ika. Ko ngā pūtake matua ko te whakaputa kai (pūngao, kawe waka, rauemi mata), te whakamahinga hiko mō te whakapūngao me te papu, me ngā tukunga mai i ngā paru me ngā roto (hei tauira, te methane i raro i ētahi āhuatanga). He rerekē ngā tapuwae waro puta noa i ngā taonga me ngā pūnaha. Ko te mahi ahuwhenua rimu me te mahi pāmu ika (pīra) e kiia ana he iti ake ngā tukunga nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he kai tāpiri, ā, ka taea e ia te mimiti i ngā matūkai. Heoi, me whakauru te mekameka tuku katoa ki roto i te tatau tika, tae atu ki te tukatuka me te tohatoha.
9. Pānga pai: ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakaora i te rauropi mā te whakatipu tauwhiro
Ehara i te mea he kino ngā pānga katoa. Mā te whakatipu kūtai, tio, me te rimu ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te kounga o te wai mā te mimiti i ngā matūkai me ngā matūriki iri. Mā te ariā o te Whakatipu Wai Maha-Trophic Whakauru (IMTA)—te whakakotahi i ngā ika (ngā kaihanga matūkai) me ngā rimu me ngā bivalves (ngā kai mimiti matūkai)—ka taea te whakaiti i te para me te whakanui ake i te kanorau moni whiwhi. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā whanaketanga hangarau pēnei i ngā pūnaha tukurua (RAS), te biofloc, me te maimoatanga wai para o roto ka taea te whakaiti i te parahanga, ahakoa he nui ake ngā utu haumi.
10. Ngā rautaki whakaiti hei whakaiti i te pānga
Hei whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao, he maha ngā rautaki matua ka taea te whakatinana:
1. Te whakatau i te tauwāhi i runga i te kaha kawe: te whiriwhiri i tētahi tauwāhi he nui te au me te tohanga, he tawhiti atu i ngā kāinga tairongo, me te whakaaro ki te kaha kawenga matūkai.
2. Te whakahaere whāngai whai hua: te whakamahi i te whāngai kounga, te whāngai tika, me te aroturuki i te FCR (ōwehenga tahuritanga whāngai) hei whakaiti i te para.
3. Te tukatuka para me te wai para: te whakapūpū, ngā tātari koiora, ngā repo kua hangaia, ngā pūnaha tukurua rānei hei pehi i te tukunga o ngā matūkai.
4. Te haumarutanga koiora me te hauora ika: te karantini purapura, te aroturukitanga auau, te werohanga mēnā e wātea ana, me ngā herenga paturopi.
5. Te tiaki i ngā nohoanga: te karo i te hurihanga o ngā mangrove, te whakatinana i te whakaora, me te whakarite kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahere ā-wāhi.
6. Tiwhikete me ngā paerewa: te whakatinanatanga o ngā paerewa oranga tonutanga (hei tauira, ngā tikanga ahuwhenua pai/CBIB, ngā kaupapa tiwhikete ā-ao rānei) hei whakatenatena i te whakapai tonu.
Whakamutunga
He nui te kaha o te mahi ahuwhenua ika ki te tautoko i te haumaru kai me te ōhanga, engari he nui anō hoki ngā pānga ki te taiao: te parahanga matūkai, ngā huringa paru, ngā mōrearea mate, ngā tukunga ika, me te hurihanga o ngā nohoanga takutai. Ko te whakahaere pūtaiao, te kāwanatanga pakari, me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau me ngā mahi ahuwhenua ma ake ngā mea matua. Mā te whakamahere tika i te wāhi, te whai huatanga o te whāngai, te whakahaere para, me ngā huarahi whakauru pēnei i te IMTA, ka taea e te mahi ahuwhenua ika te tupu me te kore e whakararu i te hauora o te rauropi. Ehara te pumau i te kōwhiringa matatika noa iho; he whakaritenga taketake kia noho hua tonu te mahi ahuwhenua ika mō te wā roa.
