Me pēhea te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga ika
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua tino piki ake te hiahia mō ngā ika, me te mōhio haere ki ngā painga hauora o te kai ika. Nā tēnei pikinga ake kua akiaki te umanga hī ika ki te rapu huarahi auaha me te whai hua hei whakanui ake i te whakaputanga ika kia tutuki ai te hiahia o te mākete e tipu haere ana. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga me ngā tikanga maha ka taea te whakamahi hei whakanui ake i te whakaputanga ika, i roto i ngā rāngai hī ika hopu me te whakatipu ika.
1. Te Kōwhiri i te Wāhi Tika
He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te wāhi hei whakapiki i te whakaputanga ika. Me whai whakaaro te wāhi i whiriwhiria ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te kounga o te wai, te pāmahana, me te wātea o ngā puna kai māori. Mā te wāhi he wai ma, he kore parahanga, he nui hoki ngā taumata hāora ka tautoko i te tipu tere me te hauora o ngā ika.
a. Kounga Wai
Ka pā tika te kounga o te wai ki te hauora me te tipu o ngā ika. Ko ngā tawhā hei whakaaroaro ko te pH, ngā taumata hāora, te pāmahana, me te aroaro o ngā poke. He mea nui te aroturuki i te kounga o te wai i ia wā kia pai ai te tipu o ngā ika.
b. Te pāmahana wai
He awhe pāmahana tino pai tō ia momo ika mō te tipu. Hei tauira, ka tupu pai te tilapia i te 25-28°C, engari ko te taraute he pai ake ki te pāmahana makariri, tata ki te 10-15°C. Hei whakanui ake i te hua, he mea nui kia whiriwhiria ngā momo ika e tika ana mō te pāmahana wai o te wāhi whakatipu.
2. Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau me te Auahatanga
He mea nui te mahi a ngā hangarau hou ki te whakapiki i te whakaputanga ika. Mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau matatau ka taea te whakatere i te tātari taiao, te aroturuki i te hauora o ngā ika, me te whakahaere whāngai.
a. Pūnaha Whakahaere Hau me te Kounga Wai
Mā te whakapūngao hau ka piki ake te taumata o te hāora rewa i roto i te wai, he mea nui tēnei mō te hauora o ngā ika. Mā ngā pūnaha whakahaere kounga wai pai, pērā i te whakamahinga o ngā tātari miihini me ngā tātari koiora, ka ārai i te kohikohinga o ngā paru me ngā mate pāwera.
b. Pūnaha Waiponic
He huinga o te mahi pāmu ika me te mahi hydroponics (te whakatipu tipu i roto i te wai) te pūnaha aquaponics. Ka whakamahia ngā para ika hei tongi mō ngā tipu, ko ngā tipu ia hei tātari taiao hei horoi i te wai. Mā tēnei pūnaha ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga ika me ngā tipu i te wā kotahi, me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga para me te wai.
c. Aunoatanga me te IoT
Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko me te hangarau Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT) ka taea e ngā kaipāmu ika te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga o te wai, ngā taumata whāngai, me te hauora o ngā ika i te wā tonu. Ka taea hoki te whakahaere aunoa i te whāngai hei whakaiti i te para me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whāngai.
3. Whakahaere Whāngai
Ko te kai te wāhanga utu nui rawa atu i roto i te mahi pāmu ika. Mā te whakamahi whai hua i ngā kai ka nui ake te hua me ngā hua.
a. Te Whakarato Whāngai Kounga
Mā te kai kounga teitei kei roto ngā matūkai e tika ana ka taea te tautoko i te tipu pai o ngā ika. Mā te whāngai taurite me te whāngai i te wā tika ka ārai i te whāngai nui rawa, ka poke ai te wai.
b. Whāngai Horihori me te Whāngai Taiao
He pai ake ngā hua o te whakakotahi i ngā kai hangai me ngā kai taiao. Ka taea te whāngai tahi me ngā kai hangai whai matūkai hei whakanui i te tipu o ngā ika me ngā kai taiao pērā i te plankton, te noke, me te rimurimu.
c. Hangarau Pūmua
Kua whakaatuhia te whakamahinga o te hangarau probiotic i roto i te whāngai ika hei whakapai ake i te hauora me te tere o te hurihanga o te whāngai. Ka āwhina ngā probiotic ki te whakapakari i te pūnaha ārai mate o te ika me te whai huatanga o te mimiti matūkai.
4. Te Whakahaere Hauora Ika
Pērā i ngā kararehe katoa, he mea nui te hauora o ngā ika ki te whakaputanga. Ka taea e te mate ika te whakaiti i te whakaputanga, ā, ka nui hoki ngā mate e pā mai ana.
a. Te Ārai i te Mate
He pai ake te ārai i te rongoā. Mā te pupuri i tētahi puna wai, i tētahi tāke rānei kia ma, mā te whakahaere wai tika, me te whakarato kai kounga teitei ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mate. E taunakihia ana hoki te werohanga mō ngā mate noa.
b. Te Aroturuki Hauora
Mā te aroturuki i te hauora o ngā ika i ia wā ka āwhina i te kimi wawe i ngā raruraru i mua i te horapa o te mate. Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau tātaritanga me te tirotiro tika ka āwhina i te whakatau i te hauora o ngā ika.
c. Te Wehenga me te Taratahi
Me wehe motuhake ngā ika hou e whakaurua ana ki ngā roto ahumoana, ā, me wehe motuhake hoki hei ārai i te horapa o te mate. Mā tēnei wā wehe motuhake ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te aroturuki i ngā ika me te whakarite i tō rātou hauora i mua i te whakaranu i a rātou ki te taupori o nāianei.
5. Ngā Ira me te Kōwhiringa
He mea tino nui te whakawhanake i ngā momo ika papai mā roto i ngā tikanga ira me te kōwhiringa hei whakapiki i te hua.
a. Whakatipu Kōwhiringa
Mā te whakatipu whiriwhiri, ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā ika tere tipu, ātete ki ngā mate, me te whai hua nui ki te whāngai. E hiahiatia ana te wā me te rangahau hōhonu mō tēnei, engari he mea nui ngā hua mō te wā roa.
b. Hangarau Ira Hou
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ira hou pēnei i te hangarau ira me te kōwhiringa ā-tohu ka tere ake te whanaketanga o ngā momo ika pai. He nui hoki te kaha o te whakamahi i te hangarau CRISPR mō te whakatika ira ki te whakapai ake i te kounga me te nui o te whakaputa ika.
6. Mātauranga me te Whakangungu
Ko tētahi o ngā arai ki te whakapiki ake i te whakaputanga ika ko te kore o te mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga i waenga i ngā kaipāmu ika.
a. Whakangungu Hangarau
He mea nui te whakangungu hangarau mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua ika pai, te whakahaere whāngai, te aukati i ngā mate, me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou hei whakapiki i te hua.
b. Te Tohutohu me te Tautoko a te Kāwanatanga
Mā ngā kaupapa whakawhānui e whakahaerehia ana e te kāwanatanga, e ngā umanga tūmataiti rānei, ka āwhina i te whakawhiti hangarau hou me te mātauranga ki ngā kaimahi pāmu ika. Ka taea hoki e ngā tautoko a te kāwanatanga me te tautoko pūtea te whakatere i te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau hou.
c. Te Whakarato Mōhiohio
Mā te urunga atu ki ngā mōhiotanga mō ngā au o te mākete, ngā utu, me ngā tikanga ahuwhenua hou ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi pāmu ika ki te whakatau kaupapa pai ake, rautaki ake hoki.
7. Te Whakahaere Taiao
Me pupuri tonu te oranga tonutanga o te taiao kia pumau ai te whakaputanga ika mō te wā roa.
a. Ngā Tikanga Whakatipu Tauwhiro
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakatipu tauwhiro pēnei i te Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) ka āwhina i te pupuri i te taurite o te rauropi. Ko te IMTA he pūnaha e whakatipuria ngātahitia ai ngā momo momo ika, ngā mātaitai, me ngā rimurimu, i roto i tētahi pūnaha whai hua mō te katoa.
b. Te Whakaiti Para
Mā te whakahaere pai i ngā para, tae atu ki te hangarua wai me te tukatuka i ngā toenga kai, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino ki te taiao.
c. Tiwhikete Hoa Taiao
Mā te whiwhi tiwhikete taiao mai i ngā whakahaere pēnei i te Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakapono o ngā kaihoko me te whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga mākete hou, whānui ake.
Whakamutunga
He wero uaua te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga ika e hiahia ana kia maha ngā momo huarahi. Mā te whiriwhiri pai i ngā wāhi, te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou, te whakahaere whai hua o te whāngai, te whakahaere hauora ika, te hangarau ira, te mātauranga me te whakangungu, me te whakahaere taiao pumau, ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga ika. Mā te whakatinana i ēnei rautaki, ka taea e te umanga hī ika te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete e tipu haere ana, me te whakarite hoki i te pumau o ngā rauemi taiao.
