Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o ngā Pūnaha Werohanga Hiko i roto i te Hangarau Aunoa
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau motuka kua nui ngā panonitanga ki ngā pūnaha tuku wahie. Ahakoa i mua ko ngā carburetor te wāhanga matua mō te whakaranu i te hau me te penehīni, ko te nuinga o ngā waka hou inaianei e whakamahi ana i te werohanga wahie hiko (EFI). E mōhiotia ana tēnei pūnaha mō te tika ake, te aro atu, te whai hua, me te atawhai i te taiao. I roto i te hangarau motuka, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te EFI nā te mea ka pā tika ki te mahi a te miihini, te kai wahie, me ngā paerewa tukunga.
Te Mārama ki ngā Pūnaha Werohanga Hiko
Ko te pūnaha werohanga wahie hiko he pūnaha tuku wahie e mahi ana mā te rehu wahie ki roto i te awa hau whakauru, ki roto rānei i te rūma mura mā roto i ngā werohanga. Ka whakahaerehia tēnei tukanga e te ECU/ECM (Engine Control Unit/Engine Control Module) i runga i ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūoko rerekē. Mā te whakahaere hiko, ka taea te whakarite tika i te nui o te wahie i werohangahia ki ngā āhuatanga o te miihini o nāianei, pērā i te wā e makariri ana te miihini, i raro i te whakaterenga, i te whakahekenga, i raro rānei i te kawenga taumaha.
Ko te whāinga matua o te EFI he waihanga i tētahi ōwehenga hau-wahie (AFR) tino pai. Ko te tikanga, ko te ranunga stoichiometric mō te penehīni he tata ki te 14,7:1 (14,7 wāhanga hau ki te 1 wāhanga wahie). Heoi, ka rerekē pea tēnei ōwehenga i runga i ngā hiahia: he momona ake i te wā whakaterenga, i ngā tere tere rānei, ā, he hiroki ake i raro i ngā kawenga māmā mō te whai huatanga.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha EFI
Kia tika ai te mahi, he maha ngā wāhanga matua o te pūnaha werohanga hiko e hono tahi ana:
1. ECU (Wāhanga Whakahaere Mīhini)
Ko te ECU te "roro" o te pūnaha EFI. Ka whiwhi tohu mai i ngā pūoko, ka tukatuka i ngā raraunga, kātahi ka whakahaere i ngā kaiwhakaoho pēnei i ngā werohanga, ngā koiri mura, ngā mana whakahaere tere noho, me ētahi atu kaiwhakaoho. Ka rongoa hoki te ECU i tētahi mahere wahie me ngā rautaki whakahaere i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te miihini.
2. Ngā Pūoko
Ka whakaratohia e ngā pūoko ngā mōhiohio wā-tūturu mō ngā āhuatanga o te miihini. Ko ngā pūoko nui i roto i te EFI ko:
– MAF (Mass Air Flow) te MAP rānei (Manifold Absolute Pressure): e ine ana i te nui o te hau whakauru, te pēhanga rānei i roto i te manifold whakauru.
– TPS (Pūoko Tūnga Ārai): kitea te whakatuwheratanga o te ārai (pātara hau).
– IAT (Pamahana Hau Whakauru): e ine ana i te pāmahana o te hau whakauru.
– ECT/CTS (Pūoko Pāmahana Whakamatao Mīhini/Pūoko Pāmahana Whakamatao): ka pānui i te pāmahana o te mīhini.
– Pūoko Hāora (O2) / Pūoko Lambda: e ine ana i te nui o te hāora i roto i te hau whakaputanga hei whakatikatika i te ranunga wahie (porowhita kati).
– CKP (Pūoko Tūnga Porowhita) me te CMP (Pūoko Tūnga Porowhita Kame): te whakatau i te tūranga o te porowhita me te porowhita kame mō te werohanga me te wā mura.
– Pūoko Patu: ka kitea te pahūtanga (patupatu) hei whakatika i te wā mura.
Mā ngā raraunga mai i ēnei pūoko ka āwhina i te ECU ki te whakatau kia pēhea te roa e tuwhera ai te werohanga (te whānui o te pā) kia mōhio ai koe kei te tutuki te nui o te wahie i ngā hiahia o te miihini.
3. Werohanga
He takirere hikohiko te werowero e pupuhi ana i te wahie ki roto i te kohu angiangi. Ka hua ake he tahunga tino pai ake i te kohu angiangi. He tere rere motuhake ō ngā werowero, ā, mā te ECU e whakahaere te wā whakatuwheratanga o te werowero kia tika ai te rahinga wahie.
4. Papu Wahie me te Kaiwhakahaere Pēhanga Wahie
Me pumau te pēhanga wahie mō te pūnaha EFI. Nō reira, ka whakamahia he papu wahie hiko hei pana i te wahie mai i te tāke ki te ara wahie. Ka puritia tēnei pēhanga e te kaiwhakahaere pēhanga wahie, ka whakahaerehia rānei mā te pūnaha kore whakahoki e whakamahi ana i te pūoko pēhanga me te whakahaere papu.
5. Tinana Ārai me te Mana Whakatā
I roto i te EFI tikanga, ka whakahaere te tinana whakatere i te rere o te hau e tomo ana. Hei pupuri i te pumau o te noho mangere, ka whakamahia e ētahi pūnaha he Idle Air Control Valve (IACV) he actuator hiko rānei. I roto i ngā motuka hou, he maha kei te whakamahi i te Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) he drive-by-wire rānei, ko te whakatere te mea e whakahaerehia ana e te motuka hiko i runga i ngā whakahau a te ECU.
Te Kaupapa Mahi o te Pūnaha EFI
I roto i ngā kupu māmā noa, ka mahi a EFI mā roto i te rerenga e whai ake nei:
1. Ka tomo te hau mā te tātari hau me te tinana whakatere.
2. Ka tukuna e ngā pūoko MAF/MAP, TPS, IAT, me ECT ngā raraunga āhua o te hau me te miihini ki te ECU.
3. Ka tatau te ECU i ngā whakaritenga wahie i runga i te mahere werohanga me ngā whakatikatika mai i ngā pūoko.
4. Ka whakahohehia e te ECU te werohanga mō tētahi wā kia rehuhia te wahie.
5. Ka tomo te ranunga hau-wahie ki roto i te rango, ā, ka tahuna kia rite ki te wā whakakā.
6. Ka pānuihia e te pūoko O2 ngā hua tahunga mā roto i te hau putanga, ka tukuna atu ngā mōhiohio ki te ECU.
7. Ka whakatikatika te ECU (whakapai wahie) kia mau tonu ai te AFR pai me te iti o ngā tukunga.
I raro i ētahi tikanga, e rua ngā momo matua ka taea e te ECU te whakamahi:
– Porowhita Tuwhera: Kāore te ECU e whakamahi i te urupare mai i te pūoko O2. Ka puta tēnei i te nuinga o te wā ina tīmatahia te mīhini (mātao), i raro i te whakaterenga katoa, i raro rānei i ētahi āhuatanga e hiahia ana kia whai ranunga momona.
– Porowhita Kati: Ka whakamahia e te ECU te urupare a te pūoko O2 hei whakarerekē tonu i te ranunga wahie kia pai ai te mahi me te iti o ngā tukunga.
Ngā Momo Pūnaha Werohanga
I roto i te hangarau motuka, ka taea te whakarōpū i te EFI i runga i te wāhi me te tikanga werohanga wahie:
1. Werohanga Pūwāhi Kotahi (Werohanga Tinana Ātaahua/TBI): ka rehuhia te wahie e te werohanga kotahi ki te tinana ātaahua.
2. Werohanga Maha-Pūwāhi (MPI): He werohanga motuhake kei roto i te pūwero whakauru o ia rango. He tika ake tēnei i te TBI.
3. Werohanga Raupapa: ka rehu te werohanga kia rite ki te raupapa mahi a te rango (he tika ake, he whai hua ake te wā).
4. Werohanga Tika o te Penehīni (GDI): Ka rehuhia tika te wahie ki roto i te rūma mura i te pēhanga teitei. He uaua ake tēnei pūnaha, engari he pai, he kaha hoki.
Ngā Painga o te Pūnaha Werohanga Hiko
I whakakapia te carburetor e te EFI nā te mea he maha ngā painga, tae atu ki:
– He ranunga tika ake kia tere ake ai te urupare a te mīhini.
– He pai ake te penapena wahie nā te rehu ina hiahiatia.
– Te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau, e tautoko ana i ngā paerewa tukunga hou.
– He māmā ake ngā tīmatanga matao, nā te mea ka whakarei ake aunoa te ECU i te ranunga i ngā pāmahana iti.
– Ka taea te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga, pērā i te huringa o te teitei, te pāmahana rānei o te taiao.
Ngā Raru Noa me ngā Tātaritanga Taketake
Ahakoa ōna painga, ka pāngia anō hoki te pūnaha EFI e ngā raruraru. Ko ētahi o ngā raruraru noa ko:
– He pūoko pakaru, he paru rānei (MAF paru, hapa TPS, pūoko O2 ngoikore).
– Kua purua te pūwero, nō reira kāore i te ōrite te rehu.
– Te iti o te pēhanga wahie nā te ngoikore o te papu, te pūwero rānei o te tātari wahie.
– Ka turuturu te mīhini horoi i roto i te putorino whakauru ka nui rawa te kikokore o te ranunga.
– Ngā hapa hiko pēnei i ngā taura pakaru, ngā hononga ngoikore, te whenua ngoikore rānei.
I roto i te mahi hangarau motuka, ko te tikanga ka mahia ngā tātaritanga EFI mā roto i:
– Matawai OBD hei pānui i te DTC (Waehere Raru Tātaritanga).
– Tirohia ngā raraunga pūoko ora kia kite i ngā uara mahi tuturu.
– Te ine i te pēhanga wahie mā te whakamahi i te ine pēhanga wahie.
– Tirohia te tohu o te pūoko mā te whakamahi i te mita maha, i te oscilloscope rānei.
Te Katinga
He hangarau tino nui ngā pūnaha werohanga wahie hiko i roto i ngā waka hou, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mana whakahaere ECU me ngā raraunga pūoko hei whakahaere tika i te tuku wahie. He mea nui te māramatanga taketake ki ngā wāhanga, ngā mātāpono whakahaere, ngā momo pūnaha, me ngā tikanga tātaritanga mō te hangarau motuka. Mā te EFI ka taea e ngā waka te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai, te whakapai ake i te penapena wahie, me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga—he whakaritenga e piki haere ana te hiranga i roto i te ao motuka hou me ngā ture taiao tino pakari.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te whakahāngai ake i tēnei tuhinga (hei tauira, te matapaki i te whakapai wahie, te whānui o te pā o te werowero, te waea EFI taketake rānei), ka taea rānei te whakarerekē mō ngā mahi kura/kāreti me te whakatakotoranga kupu whakataki–kōrero–whakamutunga–rārangi pukapuka.
