He aha te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini me āna Mahi?
I te ao motuka hou, kāore ngā waka e whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā wāhanga miihini pēnei i ngā carburetor, ngā tohatoha, ngā mana whakahaere ā-ringa rānei hei whakahaere i te mahi a te miihini. Tata ki ngā motuka me ngā motopaika hou katoa e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha hiko e whakahaere aunoa ana, e tika ana hoki i ngā āhuatanga nui o te miihini. E mōhiotia ana tēnei pūnaha ko te Pūnaha Whakahaere Miihini (EMS). Nā tōna aroaro ka pai ake te mahi a ngā miihini, ka kaha ake, ka pai ake te taiao, ā, ka māmā ake te tautuhi i ngā raruraru. Nō reira, he aha tonu te pūnaha whakahaere miihini, me pēhea te mahi, me āna mahi? Anei tētahi whakamārama katoa.
Te Mārama ki te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini
Ko te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini (EMS) he pūnaha whakahaere hiko e whakahaere ana, e arotau ana hoki i te mahi a te mīhini mura o roto. Ka kohia e te EMS ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūoko rerekē i roto i te mīhini me te waka, ka tukatukahia mā te rorohiko (ECU/ECM), kātahi ka tukuna ngā whakahau ki ngā kaiwhakaoho hei whakarerekē i ngā tawhā mahi mīhini. Arā, ko te EMS te "roro" e āwhina ana i te mīhini ki te mahi i ōna āhuatanga tino pai i runga i ngā hiahia o te taraiwa me te āhuatanga o nāianei.
Ko ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi EMS ko:
1. ECU/ECM (Wāhanga/Mōwae Whakahaere Mīhini): te rorohiko matua e tukatuka ana i ngā raraunga pūoko me te whakatau i ngā mahi.
2. Ngā Pūoko: ngā taputapu hei pānui i ngā āhuatanga o te miihini, te hau, te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te tūranga, me ētahi atu.
3. Pūwhakaoho: he wāhanga whakahaere e whakahaere ana i ngā whakahau ECU, hei tauira, ngā werohanga, ngā koiri mura, ngā takirere mangere, me ērā atu.
4. Te taura waea me ngā hononga: te whatunga taura mō te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga, te tuku hiko, me ngā tohu.
I roto i ngā waka werohanga wahie, ka whakakapia e te EMS te mana whakahaere ā-ringa, ā-pūkaha rānei. Nā te mea he rorohiko, ka taea te whakahaere i te tino tika me te urutau.
He Whakarāpopototanga mō te Mahi a te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini
Ka taea te whakaahua ngāwari i te mahi a te EMS penei i te huringa e whai ake nei:
1. Ka pānuihia e te pūoko ngā āhuatanga: hei tauira, te pāmahana o te mīhini, te nui o te hau e tomo mai ana, te tūnga o te whakateretere, te nui o te hāora i roto i te hau putanga.
2. Ka tukatukahia e te ECU ngā raraunga: Ka whakatauritea e te ECU ngā raraunga pūoko ki te mahere/whakatikatika (mahere) i roto i te mahara.
3. Ka tatau te ECU i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e te mīhini: pērā i te nui o te wahie hei werohanga, te wā tika o te wā mura, me te mea rānei me whakarerekē te wā noho noa.
4. Ka whakahaerehia te whakahau e te actuator: ka rehu te wahie e te injector, ka whakaputa te koiri i te mura, ka neke te throttle hiko, me ērā atu mea.
5. Ka whakatikatika te pūnaha: ka āwhina ngā pūoko pēnei i te O2 (lambda) ki te whakatika i te ranunga hau-wahie kia noho pai tonu (porowhita kati).
He tino tere te huringa nei, he maha ngā wā i roto i te hēkona, nō reira he maeneene, he tika hoki te urupare a te mīhini.
Ngā Mahi a te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini
Ko ngā mahi matua o te pūnaha whakahaere miihini i roto i ngā waka hou ko ēnei:
1. Te Whakatikatika i te Owehenga Hau-Wai
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi tino nui o te EMS ko te whakatau i te ōwehenga hau-wahie tino pai mō ngā āhuatanga o te mīhini. Kāore tēnei ranunga i te ōrite tonu. Ina makariri te mīhini, me nui ake te ranunga (he nui ake te wahie). Ina tere haere i te tere pumau, ka nui ake te ōhanga o te ranunga kia pai ake ai te mahi.
Mā te āwhina o ngā pūoko pēnei i te MAF/MAP, TPS, IAT, me te pūoko O2, ka taea e te ECU te whakahaere i ngā werohanga kia tino tukuna te nui o te wahie e hiahiatia ana. Ko te mutunga mai he tahunga pai ake, he penapena wahie pai ake, ā, he iti ake ngā tukunga.
2. Whakatikatikahia te wā whakakā
Haunga te wahie, he mea nui anō hoki te wā mura hei whakatau i te mana me te whai huatanga. Mā te EMS e whakahaere te wā e mura ai te mono mura i runga i:
– Te tere o te miihini
– Te kawenga o te miihini
– Te pāmahana o te mīhini
– Te āheinga ki te patuki (pahūtanga)
Ki te wawe rawa, ki te tomuri rawa rānei te wā whakakā, ka heke te mana, ka tere te wera o te mīhini, ka pā mai rānei te patuki. Mā te pūoko patuki, ka taea e te ECU te kite i ngā tohu o te pahūtanga me te whakatika i te wā kia mau tonu ai te haumaru me te kaha o te mīhini.
3. Te Whakapūmau i te Tere Noho Tūmau (Mana Tere Noho Tūmau)
Ina mutu te waka engari kei te oma te mīhini, ka mau tonu te tere noho pumau o te EMS. Ka whakatikatikahia e tēnei pūnaha te tuku hau me te wahie kia kore ai e mutu ohorere te mīhini i raro i ngā kawenga tāpiri, pērā i te wā e kā ana te hauhautanga, e kā ana ngā rama, e whakamahia ana rānei te urungi mana.
I ētahi waka, ka mahia tēnei mahi mā te Idle Air Control Valve (IACV). I ngā waka throttle-by-wire, ka whakahaere tika te ECU i te whakatuwheratanga o te throttle hiko.
4. Te Whakahaere i ngā Tukunga me te Tautoko i ngā Paerewa Taiao
He mahi nui tā te EMS ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau. Mā te pūnaha whakahaere mura tika, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā taumata CO, HC, me te NOx. Hei tāpiri, ka whakauruhia te EMS ki ngā pūnaha pēnei i:
– EGR (Whakahokinga Hau Pūngao) hei whakaiti i te NOx
– He kaitahuri whakatere e mahi pai ana mēnā he tika te ranunga mura
– Pūnaha EVAP hei ārai i te tukunga o te kohu penehīni ki te rangi
Ko ngā paerewa tukunga hou pērā i te Euro 4, Euro 5, me te Euro 6 e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te kaha o te EMS ki te pupuri i te tahunga pai me te maimoatanga i muri i te whakamahinga.
5. Te Tautuhi i ngā Āhuatanga Tiaki Mīhini
He mahi anō hoki te EMS hei tiaki i te miihini. Ina kitea e te ECU tētahi āhuatanga rerekē, ka taea e ia te mahi i ngā mahi ārai, pēnei i:
– Te whakawhāiti i te RPM (te whakawhāiti i te hurihanga)
– Ka whakaiti i te mana (aratau ngoikore) mēnā he raruraru ngā pūoko nui
– Whakarerekētia te ranunga mēnā he teitei rawa te pāmahana o te mīhini
– Whakawetohia ētahi wāhanga mēnā he tūponotanga ka pakaru
Ko te whāinga kia kore ai e horapa te kino, kia taea tonu ai te kawe haumaru i te waka ki te toa whakatika.
6. Arotauhia te Mahi me te Urupare a te Mīhini
Mā te whakahaere tika, ka taea e te EMS te whakapai ake i te urupare ātete tere, te pupuri i te taipana puta noa i ngā whānuitanga o ngā tere, me te whakarato i te whakaterenga maeneene ake. Kei ētahi waka anō hoki ngā momo taraiwa (Eco, Normal, Sport) e whakarerekē ana i te āhua o te miihini mā te whakarerekē i te mahere ECU.
I roto i ngā waka turbocharged, he mea nui ake te EMS nā te mea me whakahaere e ia:
– te pēhanga whakanui (te keti para/te solenoid whakahaere whakanui),
– te wā whakakā,
– te tuku wahie,
kia noho haumaru ai te mana nui mai i te patuki me te whakanui rawa.
7. E whakarato ana i ngā Mōhiohio Tātaritanga me te Hapa (OBD)
Ko tētahi atu mahi tino āwhina ko ngā āheinga tātaritanga. Ka rongoa e te EMS ngā raraunga me ngā waehere raruraru tātaritanga (DTC) ina he te mahi a te pūoko, te pūnaha rānei. Koinei te mea e whakaoho ana i te rama Check Engine. Mā te matawai OBD, ka taea e ngā tohunga hangarau te pānui i ēnei waehere hei tere ake i te rapurongoā.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka rongoa hoki ētahi pūnaha i ngā raraunga "anga tio", arā, te āhua o te mīhini i te wā i puta ai te hapa (RPM, pāmahana, kawenga mīhini), kia tika ake ai te tautuhi.
Ngā Pūoko Hira i roto i te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini
Hei mahi whai hua, ka whakawhirinaki te EMS ki ngā momo pūoko. Ko ētahi o ngā mea tino noa ko:
– Pūoko hāora (O2/Lambda): e ine ana i te nui o te hāora i roto i te hau whakaputa hei whakatikatika i te ranunga.
– Pūoko MAP/MAF: e ine ana i te pēhanga manifold, i te papatipu hau whakauru rānei.
– TPS (Pūoko Tūnga Ātete): ka pānui i te tūranga whakatuwheratanga o te ātete.
– ECT (Paemahana Whakamatao Mīhini): ka pānui i te pāmahana o te wai whakamatao/mīhini.
– IAT (Pamahana Hau Whakauru): ka pānui i te pāmahana hau whakauru.
– Pūoko tūranga o te porowhita crankshaft/camshaft: e whakatau ana i te tūranga o te porowhita crankshaft me te camshaft, he mea nui mō te wā werohanga me te wā mura.
– Pūoko patuki: ka kitea te patuki/pahūtanga.
Ka nui ake te katoa o ngā raraunga ka riro mai, ka nui ake te tika o te whakahaere a te ECU i te mīhini.
Whakamutunga
Ko te Pūnaha Whakahaere Mīhini (EMS) he pūnaha whakahaere hiko e whakahaere aunoa ana i te mahi a te mīhini mā te ECU, ngā pūoko, me ngā kaiwhakaoho. Ko ōna mahi matua ko te whakahaere i te ranunga hau-wahie, te wā mura, te whakatau i te noho puku, te whakahaere tukunga, te tiaki mīhini, te arotau i te mahi, me ngā āheinga tātaritanga OBD. Mā te EMS, ka nui ake te penapena wahie, te kaha, me te maeneene o ngā waka, me te tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga pakari.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te waihanga i tētahi putanga hangarau ake o te tuhinga (hei tauira, te matapaki i te porowhita kati, te whakapai wahie, te mahere ECU, me te aratau ngoikore) he putanga māmā ake rānei mō te hunga tīmata, ina hiahiatia.
