Ngā Teihana Āhuarangi me ā rātou Mahi
He whare te teihana matawhenua i hangaia mō te kohikohi raraunga āhuarangi mā te whakamahi i ngā momo taputapu me ngā hangarau. He mahi nui tā ēnei teihana ki te mārama ki te āhuarangi me te āhuarangi. Huri noa i te ao, ka whakaratohia e ngā teihana matawhenua ngā raraunga nui e tautoko ana i te matapae huarere, te rangahau pūtaiao, me te maha atu o ngā tono e pā ana ki te oranga o ia rā.
He Hītori Poto mō ngā Teihana Āhuarangi
He roa ngā pūtake o ngā teihana matawhenua o ēnei rā. I ngā rautau 17 me 18, ka tīmata ngā kaipūtaiao ki te tuhi i ngā tirohanga huarere mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā paeromita me ngā inemahana. I te tau 1849, ka tīmata te Smithsonian Institution i te Hononga o Amerika i tētahi whatunga whakahaere o ngā teihana matawhenua, hei whakatakoto i te turanga mō te whatunga ā-ao kei a tātou i ēnei rā.
Te Tūranga Matua me te Mahi a ngā Teihana Āhuarangi
1. Kohikohi Raraunga Huarere
Ko te mahi matua a te teihana matawhenua ko te kohikohi raraunga huarere. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā taurangi pēnei i te pāmahana o te hau, te haumākū, te tere me te ahunga o te hau, te pēhanga hau, me te ua. Ka kohia ēnei raraunga mā te whakamahi i tētahi raupapa taputapu ine matatau pēnei i ngā inemahana, ngā ine hau, ngā ine ua, ngā ine paero, me ngā ine wai.
2. Matapae Huarere
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o ngā raraunga e kohia ana e ngā teihana matawhenua ko te matapae huarere. Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga matawhenua ngā raraunga mai i ngā teihana rerekē hei waihanga tauira pāngarau e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga huarere ā muri ake nei. He mea nui te matapae huarere mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono, tae atu ki te rererangi, te kaipuke, te ahuwhenua, me te whakamahere o ia rā.
3. Te Aroturuki i te Āhuarangi
Haunga te huarere mō te wā poto, ka āwhina hoki ngā teihana matawhenua i te aroturukitanga āhuarangi mō te wā roa. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā raraunga āhuarangi o mua kua kohia hei mārama ki ngā au o te āhuarangi, hei tautuhi i te huringa āhuarangi, me te whakawhanake i ngā tauira āhuarangi ā muri ake nei. He mea nui tēnei i roto i te horopaki o te mahana o te ao me te huringa āhuarangi, arā, ngā āwangawanga o te ao i nāianei.
4. Te Whakatūpato Moata me te Whakahaere Āhuatanga Kino
He mea nui te mahi a ngā teihana matawhenua i roto i ngā pūnaha whakatūpato wawe mō ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i ngā tupuhi, ngā awhiowhio, me ngā waipuke. Mā ngā raraunga tūturu e whakaputaina ana e rātou ka taea e ngā mana whakahaere te whakarato whakatūpato wawe ki te marea, ka taea ai ngā mahi haumaru. Hei tauira, mā te matapae i te nekehanga o tētahi awhiowhio, o tētahi tupuhi rānei, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakawātea i ngā kainoho mai i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana, me te whakaiti i te mate.
5. Rangahau Pūtaiao
He pai hoki ngā raraunga kua kohia mō ngā rangahau pūtaiao i roto i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te matawhenua, te tātari āhuarangi, me te pūtaiao āhuarangi. Ka taea e tēnei rangahau te whakaputa i ngā kitenga hou mō ngā whanaketanga āhuarangi, ngā tukanga huarere, me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te āhuarangi me ngā pūnaha rauropi o Papatūānuku.
Ngā Momo Teihana Āhuarangi
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā teihana matawhenua i runga i tō rātou tauwāhi me te momo raraunga ka kohia e rātou:
1. Teihana Mata
Koinei te momo teihana tino noa, kei runga whenua. Ka ine i ngā taurangi hau i te mata o te Ao, i te taha rānei o te whenua. Ka kitea ēnei teihana i roto i ngā taiao maha, tae atu ki ngā tāone nui, ngā taiwhenua, me ngā wāhi tūmatanui.
2. Teihana Moana
Ka whakanohoia ēnei teihana ki te moana, i runga i ngā kaipuke, i ngā papa moana rānei, ka kohia e rātou ngā raraunga mō ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi me te moana, pērā i te pāmahana o te wai moana, ngā ngaru, me te ahunga o te ia. He mea nui ēnei mōhiohio mō te whakatere me te rangahau moana.
3. Teihana Rererangi
Ko ngā teihana rererangi, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā radiosonde, ka rere i runga i ngā poihau, ā, ka ine i te āhuarangi mai i te poutū ki te teitei rawa. Ka whakaratohia e rātou ngā raraunga kōtaha āhuarangi e tino whai hua ana mō ngā tauira huarere.
4. Teihana Āhuarangi Aunoa
Ka mahi ēnei teihana me te kore he tirotiro a te tangata, ā, ka whakamahia he pūoko aunoa hei kohi raraunga huarere. Ko te tikanga ka tukuna ēnei raraunga i te wā tūturu ki tētahi pokapū tukatuka raraunga mā te amiorangi, mā ētahi atu pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero rānei.
Ngā Utauta e Whakamahia ana i ngā Teihana Āhuarangi
He maha ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana i ngā teihana matawhenua hei kohikohi raraunga huarere. Anei ētahi o ngā taputapu matua e whakamahia pinepinetia ana:
1. Inemahana
He taputapu te inemahana e whakamahia ana hei ine i te pāmahana o te hau. He maha ngā momo inemahana, tae atu ki ngā inemahana waipiro, ngā inemahana mercury, me ngā inemahana matihiko.
2. Paemita
Ka ine te paeromita i te pēhanga hau. Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga hau te tohu i ngā panonitanga o te rangi, pērā i te tupuhi e tata mai ana, i te pūnaha huarere pumau rānei.
3. Inemomita
He taputapu te anemometer hei ine i te tere o te hau. Ka taea hoki e ētahi anemometer te ine i te ahunga o te hau.
4. Ine haumākū
Ka ine te haumākū i te haumākū, arā, te nui o te mamaoa wai i te āhuarangi. Ka pā te haumākū ki te whakamarie o te tangata me te hanganga o ngā kapua me te ua.
5. Pūweroiti
Ka ine te pluviometer, te ine ua rānei, i te nui o te ua e taka ana ki tētahi wāhi.
Ngā Pānga me ngā Hua o ngā Teihana Āhuarangi mō te Hapori
He maha ngā painga o ngā teihana huarere ki te hapori. Mā ngā mapi huarere me ngā matapae o ia rā ka taea e te tangata te whakamahere i ā rātou mahi kia whai hua ake, kia haumaru ake hoki. Mā ngā mōhiohio mō ngā āhuatanga huarere kino, pērā i ngā tupuhi me ngā ngaru wera, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā hapori te mahi i ngā mahi matatau hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea me ngā mate.
I roto i te ahuwhenua, ka āwhina ngā raraunga huarere i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakatau i ngā wā pai ki te whakato, ki te whakamakuku, me te hauhake i ngā hua, ka taea ai te whakapai ake i ngā hua me te whai huatanga. I roto i te kawe waka me te whakahaere kaupapa, ka āwhina ngā matapae huarere ki te whakamahere i ngā huarahi haumaru me te whai hua, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā aituā me ngā whakaroa.
Mā te rangahau āhuarangi e whakahaerehia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga mai i ngā teihana matawhenua ka āwhina hoki ki te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here taiao me ngā rautaki whakaiti i te huringa āhuarangi. Mā te mārama ake ki te āhuarangi me te rangi ka taea e ngā whenua te whakatau whai whakaaro nui ake mō te whanaketanga tauwhiro me te tiaki taiao.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui ngā teihana matawhenua i roto i te pūnaha aroturuki huarere me te āhuarangi o te ao. Mā te kohikohi raraunga pūnaha me te kanorau, ka taea e ēnei teihana te matapae huarere tika, te whakatūpato wawe i ngā āhuatanga kino, me te rangahau pūtaiao hōhonu. He mea nui tā rātou mahi ki te pupuri i te haumaru, te tautoko i te ahuwhenua me te kawe waka, me te āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama me te whakautu ki ngā wero taiao uaua. Hei hapori, ka whakawhirinaki nui tātou ki ngā mōhiohio e whakaratohia ana e ngā teihana matawhenua hei whakatau pai ake, hei tiaki hoki i tō tātou oranga whānui.
