Ngā Taputapu Matua i roto i te Teihana Āhuarangi
He mahi nui tā ngā teihana matawhenua i roto i te kohikohi raraunga āhuarangi, ā, kei roto i ēnei he whānuitanga o ngā taputapu hei tirotiro, hei ine, hei tuhi hoki i ngā momo tawhā huarere me te āhuarangi. Ko ngā raraunga kua kohia hei pūtake mō te matapae huarere, te rangahau pūtaiao, me ngā momo tono i roto i te whakatere rererangi me te moana, te ahuwhenua, me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i ētahi o ngā taputapu matua e whakamahia ana i ngā teihana matawhenua, e whakaatu ana i ā rātou mahi, me pēhea te mahi, me tō rātou hiranga i roto i ngā rangahau matawhenua.
1. Inemahana
He taputapu te inemahana e whakamahia ana hei ine i te pāmahana o te hau. He maha ngā momo inemahana e whakamahia ana i roto i te mahi matawhenua, engari ko ngā mea tino noa ko ngā inemahana mercury me ngā inemahana waipiro. He maha ngā wā he hiko ngā inemahana o ēnei rā, he tika ake ngā pūoko wera, ā, ka taea te tuku raraunga tika ki te rorohiko hei tātari atu.
Ko te mahi a ngā inemahana mekuri i runga i te kaupapa o te whakawhanui i te mekuri i roto i te pou karāhe i te pikinga o te pāmahana. He rauemi pai te mekuri mō ngā inemahana nā te mea he nui te tauwehenga whakawhanui wera me te ira kohua kei runga ake i te pāmahana mōrahi o te nuinga o ngā taiao. Ko ngā inemahana waipiro, i tetahi atu ringa, ka whakamahia te waipiro kua konatunatua ki te tae hei whakangāwari ake i te pānui i te pāmahana. He iti ake te ira tio o te waipiro i te mekuri, ā, he pai ake mō te whakamahi i ngā taiao he tino iti te pāmahana.
He mea nui te ine i te pāmahana o te hau mō ngā tono maha o te matawhenua. Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga pāmahana hei tatau i ētahi atu tawhā pēnei i te haumākū whanaunga me te ira tomairangi, tae atu ki ngā tauira matapae huarere.
2. Paemita
He taputapu te paeromita e whakamahia ana hei ine i te pēhanga o te hau. E rua ngā momo paeromita e whakamahia whānuitia ana: ko ngā paeromita merkuri me ngā paeromita aneroid.
Ka ine te paeramete konukōre i te pēhanga mā te tirotiro i te teitei o te pou konukōre i roto i te ngongo karāhe hurihuri. Ina piki te pēhanga hau, ka piki te pou konukōre, ā, i te hekenga o te pēhanga, ka heke te pou konukōre. Ka whakamahia e ngā paeramete aneroid he pūtau whakarewa tuwhera e whānui ana, e whakawhāiti ana rānei i ngā huringa o te pēhanga hau. Ka hurihia ēnei huringa hei nekehanga ā-ringa ka taea te pānui i runga i te tauine o te paeramete.
He tawhā matua te pēhanga hau hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga hau te tohu i ngā panonitanga o te rangi e haere ake nei, pērā i te taenga mai o tētahi āputa pēhanga iti, e hono pinepine ana ki te huarere kino me ngā awha.
3. Ine haumākū
He taputapu te ine haumākū o te hau. Ko te haumākū te nui o te mamaoa wai i te hau, ā, ka taea te ine i roto i ngā waeine rerekē, pērā i te haumākū whanaunga, te pēhanga mamaoa, me te haumākū tino.
He maha ngā momo ine haumākū, tae atu ki ngā ine haumākū makawe, e whakamahi ana i ngā huruhuru tangata, kararehe rānei e totoro ana, e whakawhāiti ana hoki i runga i ngā huringa o te haumākū, me ngā ine haumākū miro, e whakamahi ana i te huruhuru miro hei whakarerekē i tōna roa hei whakautu ki te haumākū o te hau. Heoi, ka whakamahia e ngā ine haumākū hiko o ēnei rā ngā pūoko kaha, ātete rānei hei whakarato i ngā pānui haumākū tika me te tika.
He mea nui te haumākū ki te matapae i te huarere me te mārama ki te āhuarangi. Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga haumākū hei tatau i ngā tohu tomairangi, hei tautuhi i te hanganga kapua me te kohu pea, hei aromatawai i te auau o te ua me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi whānui.
4. Inemomita
He taputapu te anemometer e whakamahia ana hei ine i te tere o te hau. Ko te hoahoa anemometer tino noa ko te anemometer kapu, he mea hanga ki ngā kapu e whā, neke atu rānei, e mau ana ki runga i te ringa whakapae e hurihuri ana i te tuaka poutū ina pupuhi te hau. He rite te tere hurihuri o ngā kapu ki te tere o te hau, ā, ka taea te whakarite kia puta he pānui tika o te tere o te hau.
Ko tētahi atu momo anemometer ko te anemometer poroporo, e whakamahi ana i te poroporo rite ki te pā hei ine i te tere me te ahunga o te hau. Ko ngā anemometer ultrasonic, e whakamahi ana i ngā ngaru oro hei ine i te rerekētanga o te wā haere o te oro i te mea e pāngia ana e te hau, ka whakarato i ngā raraunga tere hau tino tika engari he nui ake te utu.
He mea nui te ine i te tere me te ahunga o te hau i roto i te matawai huarere, inā koa mō ngā tono i roto i te rererangi, te kaipuke, me te matapae awha. Ka āwhina hoki ngā raraunga hau ki te whakatauira i te tohatoha o ngā poke hau me te ako i te huringa āhuarangi.
5. Pūweroiti
Ko te pluviometer, e mōhiotia ana ko te ine ua, he taputapu e whakamahia ana hei ine i te nui o te ua e taka ana i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Ko te tikanga he ipu e kohi ana i te wai ua, e ine ana hoki i tōna rahinga.
He maha ngā hoahoa o ngā ine ua, tae atu ki ngā ine ua paerewa e whakamahi ana i tētahi ngongo ine māmā, me ngā ine ua tuhi aunoa e whakamahi ana i tētahi kōpae piko i te pito o tētahi kurupae e piu ana hei tuhi mamati i te nui o te ua. He pai ake ngā ine ua aunoa i roto i ngā teihana huarere o ēnei rā nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakarato raraunga ua tonu, wā-tūturu.
Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga ua hei mārama ki ngā tauira ua, hei whakahaere i ngā rauemi wai, hei rangahau wai me te huringa āhuarangi. He mea nui anō hoki ngā ine ua mō te whakatūpato wawe me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga waipuke.
6. Pūiranomita
He taputapu te pyranometer hei ine i te kaha o te hihi o te rā e tae atu ana ki te mata o te Ao. He mea nui tēnei taputapu mō te rangahau pūngao o te rā, te tātari āhuarangi, me te ahuwhenua.
Ko ngā hoahoa o ngā pyranometer he pūoko e taea te aro atu ki te whānuitanga katoa o te hihi o te rā, tae atu ki te hihi UV, te hihi e kitea ana, me te hihi infrared. Ko ngā pyranometer he mea hanga ki te karāhe, ki te quartz rānei hei tiaki i te pūoko mai i te hau me te puehu, kia tika ai ngā inenga.
Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga irahiko o te rā hei tatau i te taurite pūngao i te āhuarangi, hei mārama ki ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi, hei arotau hoki i te hoahoa me te whakatakotoranga o ngā panera rā.
7. Te Ine i te tuanui
He taputapu te ine i te teitei o ngā turanga kapua te ceilometer. Mā te tuku i tētahi hihi laser, i tētahi hihi mārama rānei ki te rangi, ka ine i te wā e hoki whakamuri ai te mārama i muri i te pā ki te kapua. Ka tatauhia te teitei o te turanga kapua i runga i te wā e haere ai tēnei hihi.
He mea nui ngā mita kapua i roto i te umanga rererangi nā te mea ka whakaratohia he mōhiohio mō te teitei o ngā kapua, e āwhina ana i te whakatere rererangi me te haumaru rere. Ka whai wāhi hoki ngā raraunga mai i ngā mita kapua ki te māramatanga ki ngā tauira kapua me te ua i roto i te matawai huarere.
Whakamutunga
He maha ngā taputapu matatau e whakamahia ana e ngā teihana matawhenua hei tirotiro, hei ine, hei tātari i ngā tawhā āhuarangi e tika ana mō te matapae huarere me te rangahau āhuarangi. Ko ngā ine pāmahana, ngā ine paoro, ngā ine hau, ngā ine anemomita, ngā ine pluviomita, ngā ine pyranomita, me ngā ine ceilometer ētahi o ngā taputapu matua e whakamahia ana hei tiki raraunga nui i roto i ngā mahi matawhenua. Mā te māramatanga hohonu ki ia o ēnei taputapu me te whakamahinga o aua taputapu ka āwhina i ngā tohunga matawhenua ki te whakarato i ngā matapae huarere tika me te māramatanga pai ake ki ngā whanaketanga o te āhuarangi. Ko tēnei mōhiotanga ka whai hua ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga, mai i te ahuwhenua ki te whakatere me te whakaiti i ngā aituā.
