Te Tāutu i ngā Momo Kapua me ngā Matapae Huarere
Ko ngā kapua te "reo" tirohanga o te āhuarangi e kitea ana e tātou i ia rā. Mai i tōna āhua, tōna teitei, tōna tae, me ōna huringa meneti ki ia meneti, he tohu nui ngā kapua mō ngā āhuatanga o te rangi o nāianei me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi pea mō ngā haora e whai ake nei. Ahakoa e whakawhirinaki ana ngā matapae huarere o ēnei rā ki ngā amiorangi, ki te radar, me ngā tauira tau, he mea nui tonu te āheinga ki te tautuhi i ngā momo kapua—ina koa mō ngā mahi o waho pēnei i te ahuwhenua, te hī ika, te hikoi, ngā hākinakina, me te whakaahua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi ki te mōhio ki ngā momo kapua matua me te pehea ki te hono atu ki ngā matapae huarere māmā.
Ngā Kaupapa Taketake: Te Teitei me te Tukanga Hanga Kapua
Ka puta ngā kapua ina piki ake te hau makuku, ka whakamatao, ā, ka whakapūpū te mamaoa wai hei pata wai, hei tioata huka rānei. He mea nui te teitei o te kapua nā te mea he rerekē ngā pāmahana me ngā hau puta noa i ngā paparanga rerekē o te āhuarangi. I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea ngā kapua ki:
1. Ngā kapua teitei (tata ki te 6–13 km): he tino iti te pāmahana, he maha ngā tioata hukapapa.
2. Ngā kapua o waenganui (tata ki te 2–7 km): he ranunga o ngā pata wai me te hukapapa.
3. Ngā kapua iti (tae atu ki te 2 km te teitei o te mata): e kitea nuitia ana ngā pata wai.
4. Ngā kapua tipu poutū: e ara ake ana i ngā paparanga iti ki te teitei, e hono ana ki ngā awha.
Haunga te teitei, he mea nui anō hoki te āhua. Ko ngā kapua e puta mai ana he aho angiangi, he kikokore, he papatahi rānei, he tohu i ngā tukanga hanganga rerekē—mai i ngā ia hau mārie ki ngā pikinga kaha.
Ngā Kapua Teitei: He Tohu o te Huringa mai i Tawhiti
1) Te Āwhiowhio (Ci)
He rite ngā kapua Cirrus ki ngā "hiku hōiho" angiangi, matotoru, mā. He maha ngā wā ka puta mai i ngā tioata hukapapa e pupuhihia ana e ngā hau kaha i ngā teitei.
Te tikanga mō te rangi: He tohu a Cirrus mō te huringa o te rangi, inā koa te whakatata mai o tētahi pūnaha pēhanga iti, o tētahi atu rānei. Mēnā ka nui haere ngā kapua cirrus, ka matotoru hoki mō ētahi haora, tera pea ka kino haere te rangi i roto i ngā haora 12–24.
2) Cirrostratus (Cs)
He kiriuhi angiangi mā e kapi ana i te rangi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia he āwhiowhio (porowhita mārama) e karapoti ana i te rā, i te marama rānei.
Te tikanga: He maha ngā wā ka tohu a Cirrostratus i te hau makuku i ngā paparanga o runga; ka taea te "whakatuwhera" i mua i te hekenga mai o te ua. Mēnā ka huri hei kapua matotoru, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te ua.
3) Te Awhiowhio (Cc)
He rite tōna āhua ki tētahi rarangi o ngā pata ririki—he rite ki ngā unahi ika (“mackerel sky”).
Te tikanga: Kāore e ua tonu, engari he tohu mō te kore pumau o ngā paparanga o runga. Mēnā ka matotoru haere ngā kapua o waenganui, ka taea te huarere kore e taea te matapae.
Ngā Kapua Waenga: Tohu Whakanuia o te Makuku
4) Altostratus (As)
He paparanga kikorangi-hina e taupoki ana i te rangi; ko te rā he rite ki te kōpae ngoikore.
Te tikanga: He maha ngā wā e hono ana a Altostratus ki ngā pūnaha huarere nui. I a tēnei paparanga e matotoru haere ana, e heke haere ana, ka puta he ua māmā ki te ua pōturi i muri i ētahi haora.
5) Te Āwhata-ā-rangi (Ac)
He pūhui waenga te whakarite kia paparanga, he rite ki ngā "ngaru" me ngā "pōro miro" he nui ake i te cirrocumulus.
Te tikanga: He tohu whakatūpato pea ngā kapua Altocumulus mō ngā whatitiri mena ka puta mai i te ata, kātahi ka nui haere. I ētahi āhuatanga, ko ngā kapua altocumulus e tere tipu haere ana e tohu ana kei te koretake te āhuarangi.
Kapua Iti: Tata ki te Ua me te Kohu
6) Te Tūru (St)
He paparanga kapua papatahi, hina, he rite ki te kohu "piki ake". I ētahi wā ka puta he ua.
Te tikanga: He tohu mō te hau pumau, haumākū. Tērā pea ka kapua te rangi, ka iti pea te tirohanga, ā, ka piki ake pea te tūponotanga o te ua.
7) Stratocumulus (Sc)
He pūhui nunui e hanga ana i te paraikete, he hina-mā te tae, me ngā āputa i te rangi.
Te tikanga: He kapua te nuinga engari kāore i te tino nui. Tērā pea ka puta he ua māmā i ētahi wā, engari he onge te hua o ngā awha nui.
8) Nimbostratus (Ns)
He kapua matotoru, pōuriuri e taupokina katoatia ana te rangi, ā, e puta tonu ana te ua, te hukarere rānei.
Te tikanga: Koinei te "kapua ua" rongonui. Ki te kite koe i te rangi e huri ana ki te hina pouri, kāore he mea mārama, ā, e heke haere ana te ua, ko te tūponotanga kei te kaha te ua o te nimbostratus.
Ngā Kapua Poutū: Te Pūtake o te Ua Nui me ngā Whatitiri
9) Te Puna Wai (Cu)
Ko ngā kapua poraka, pērā i te miro he papatahi te raro, ka puta pinepine mai i te rangi paki.
Te tikanga: Ko ngā kapua iti cumulus he tohu i te rangi pai. Heoi, ki te tere te tipu me te piki, he tohu i te kaha o te wera me te pikinga ake—tērā pea ka huri hei awha.
10) Te Āraimupa (Cb)
He kapua awha nui e tipu poutū ana, e hanga ana i tētahi "paepae" i tōna tihi.
Te tikanga: E tohu ana i te ua nui, te uira, ngā hau kaha, tae atu ki te whatu i ētahi āhuatanga. Ki te kite koe i te kapua kapua e whakatata mai ana, me rapu tonu koe i te haumaru, pai ake i te wāhi tuwhera.
Me pēhea te whakamahi i ngā kapua mō ngā matapae huarere māmā
Anei ētahi tauira whai hua ka taea e koe te whakamahi:
1. I mārama te rangi, kātahi ka puta mai te kōwhai, ā, ka matotoru haere.
Te Tūponotanga: ka huri te huarere i roto i ngā haora 12–24, ka mutu pea te ua mena ka piki ake te haumākū, ka puta he pūnaha kapua paparua.
2. Cirrostratus (kia ora) → altostratus → nimbostratus
Koinei te raupapa matarohia e arahi ana ki te ua āta haere. He ōrite te tohatoha o te ua, ā, he roa te wā e mau ana.
3. I te ata, ka puta te altocumulus, ka tere te whanake, ā, ka pōuri haere te ahiahi.
Te tūponotanga: te hau kore pumau; te tūponotanga ka nui ake te ua me te uira o te rohe, inā koa i te wā whakawhiti.
4. He iti te kapua puāwai i te awatea engari kāore e tipu teitei
Tūponotanga: ka noho paki te rangi, ka noho kapua rānei, kāore pea e ua.
5. Ka tere te piki o te kapua kumulus ki roto i tētahi pourewa (kapu kumulus teitei) kātahi ka puta ko te kapua kumulusi
Tērā pea: he ua nui me ngā whatitiri mō te wā poto (i ētahi wā 30–90 meneti), ina koa mēnā ka haere tahi mai me te hurihanga o ngā hau, ā, he tino makuku te hau.
Ngā Tohu Tāpiri hei Rapu
– Tae kapua: Ko ngā kapua tino pouri he tohu i te matotoru me te nui o te wai, nō reira ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te ua nui.
– Tūranga kapua: He tohu pea te iti, te pōuri o te turanga kapua mō te ua e tata mai ana.
– Te nekehanga tere: Ko ngā kapua e tere ana te neke e tohu ana i ngā hau kaha i ngā teitei; he hihiri ake te rangi, ā, ka tere te huri.
– Ngā rārangi kapua roa: I ētahi wā e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā rohe papatipu hau (ngā taha) o te rangi, i te huihuinga rānei o ngā hau ka puta ai te ua.
Ngā Here o te Tirotiro Kapua
Ahakoa he whai hua, he iti noa iho ngā matapae kapua. Ka taea te whakarite i te ua i te rohe, inā koa i ngā rohe pārūrū, ka taea ai e ngā kapua tupuhi te hanga i tētahi rohe, ko ētahi atu e noho mārama ana. Hei tāpiri, he nui te pānga o te whenua (maunga), te pāmahana o te mata o te moana, me ngā tauira hau ā-rohe ki te hanganga o te kapua. Nō reira, me whakakotahi ngā tirohanga kapua me ngā mōhiohio whaimana pēnei i ngā matapae BMKG, ngā whakaahua radar ua, ngā taupānga huarere rānei e aroturuki ana i te nekehanga o te kapua.
Te Katinga
He pūkenga māmā engari he pūkenga whai hua te tautuhi i ngā momo kapua mō te pānui i ngā tohu āhuarangi. Ko ngā kapua teitei pērā i te cirrus me te cirrostratus he tohu i ngā huringa o te rangi mai i tawhiti, ko ngā kapua taumata waenga pērā i te altostratus me te altocumulus he tohu i te pikinga o te haumākū me te kore pumau, ko ngā kapua taumata iti pērā i te nimbostratus he tohu i te ua roa. Ko ngā kapua poutū pērā i te cumulonimbus he whakatūpato mārama mō te ua nui me ngā whatitiri. Mā te mahi tirotiro i te āhua, te teitei, me te raupapa o ngā huringa kapua, ka taea e koe te whakapai ake i tō mōhiotanga ki te rangi—kia haumaru ake ai, kia whakamaheretia ake ai hoki ō mahi o ia rā.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi aratohu tautuhi tere (tēpu) me ētahi tauira kapua rānei mō te wā ua/tauwhitinga i Indonesia.
