Ngā Take e Whakararuraru Ana i ngā Waipuke me ō Rātou Hononga ki te Matawai Āhuarangi
Ko ngā waipuke tētahi o ngā āhuatanga kino o te wai me te rangi e tino kitea ana i Indonesia. Ehara i te mea ko ngā mate taonga anake ka puta mai i ēnei āhuatanga, engari ka pāngia hoki te hauora o te tangata, te mātauranga, te kawe waka, me ngā mahi ōhanga. Kia mārama ake ai tātou ki te waipuke, me titiro tātou ki tēnei hei hua o te taunekeneke o ngā āhuatanga maha: ngā āhuatanga o te rangi me te āhuarangi (teorārangi), ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe (te whenua me te whakahaere wai), me ngā mahi a te tangata (ngā huringa whakamahinga whenua me te whakahaere waikeri). He mea nui te mahi a te matawai rangi nā te mea koinei te "whakaoho" matua o te waipuke mā te ua, ngā tauira hau, me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi e pā ana ki te kaha me te roa o te ua.
1. Ngā waipuke hei āhuatanga waihuarere
E rua ngā āhuatanga o te kupu "hydrometeorology": te wai (wai) me te meteorology (ngā tukanga āhuarangi/huarere). Ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta te waipuke ina nui ake te nui o te wai e tomo ana ki tētahi rohe—mai i te ua o te rohe, mai i te rere o te awa o runga rānei—i te kaha o te taiao ki te mimiti me te mimiti. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ehara i te ua anake te take o te waipuke, engari nā te kore taurite i waenga i te wai e tomo mai ana me te kaha o ngā pūnaha taiao me ngā pūnaha horihori (ngā waikeri, ngā awa, ngā puna wai) ki te whakauru, ki te tuku rānei i taua wai.
I roto i tēnei horopaki, he wāhi nui tō te matawai huarere hei whakaoho. Heoi anō, ko te whānuitanga o ngā pānga waipuke ka whakatauhia e ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe wai, ngā huringa whakamahinga whenua, me te ngoikore o ngā whare noho.
2. Te ua: te mea tino tika mō te āhuarangi
Ko te take matua o te waipuke ko te ua nui—he ua nui i roto i te wā poto (he ua nui) he ua roa rānei (he ua pumau). He rerekē ngā pānga o ēnei momo ua e rua:
1. He ua nui (he nui, he poto)
He maha ngā wā ka puta he waipuke ohorere, he waipuke tere rānei i ngā tāone nui. He tere rawa te heke o te wai, ā, kāore e taea e ngā pūnaha waikeri te whakahaere, inā koa mēnā kua purua ngā waikeri, he iti rānei te kaha o te waikeri.
2. He ua roa (mai i ngā hāora ki ngā rā)
Ka mākū te oneone i tēnei, ka piki haere te rerenga o te awa, kātahi ka waipuke. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei i ngā rohe wai nui, inā koa ka taurite te tohatoha o te ua mai i te taha whakarunga ki te taha whakararo.
I roto i te matawhenua, ka pāngia te kaha me te roa o te ua e ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi pērā i te nui o te mamaoa wai, te pāmahana, te pēhanga hau, me ngā tauira hau. Ina nui te mamaoa wai i te āhuarangi, ā, he tikanga hei hiki i ngā papatipu hau (te whakawhiti hau, te huihuinga hau rānei), ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka puta he ua nui.
3. Ngā āhuatanga huarere e whakakaha ake ana i te ua nui
I Initonīhia, he maha ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi ā-rohe, ā-ao whānui hoki ka taea te whakanui ake i te tupono o te ua nui:
a. Te ua (te wā hau)
Kei te awehia a Initonīhia e te pūnaha hauhautanga o Āhia-Ahitereiria. I te wā o te hauhautanga o te hauauru (tata ki Noema ki Poutū-te-rangi), ka kawea mai e ngā hau he hau makuku mai i te Moana Iniana me te Moana Haina ki te Tonga, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te ua nui. He maha ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te tihi o te wā ua i tēnei wā, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te waipuke, inā koa i ngā wā ua nui karapīpiti.
b. La Niña me El Niño
Ka pā te āhuatanga ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) ki ngā tauira ua i Initonīhia:
– Ko te tikanga ka piki ake te ua i ngā wāhi maha o Initonīhia i te wā o La Niña. Ka nui ake te makuku o te hau, ā, ka kaha ake te hanga o ngā kapua ua, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te waipuke.
– Ka whakaitihia te ua e te El Niño, ka whakanuia hoki te mōrearea o te tauraki, engari i te wā whakawhiti, ka taea tonu te ua nui o te rohe.
c. Te Oscillation Madden–Julian (MJO)
He ngaru whakawhiti te MJO e neke ana mai i te hauauru ki te rawhiti i ngā rohe pārūrū. Ina pā te wāhanga kaha o te MJO ki runga i a Initonīhia, ka piki ake te hanganga o ngā kapua ua, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te ua nui me te waipuke.
d. Ētahi atu ngaru āhuarangi me te huihuinga o te hau
Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā ngaru Rossby o te equator, ngā ngaru Kelvin, ngā rohe huihuinga rānei (huihuinga hau) te whakaoho i te tipu o ngā kapua cumulonimbus, ka puta ai te ua nui. I te rohe, ka taea hoki e ngā hau moana me ngā hau whenua te whakaoho i te convection o te ahiahi me te ahiahi, ka arahi ki te waipuke o te tāone.
e. Ngā awhiowhio toropika (te awe ā-kore)
Kāore i te maha ngā pānga tika o ngā awhiowhio pārūrū ki Initonīhia nā tōna tata ki te ekueta, engari he nui tonu ngā pānga ā-korekore ki a rātou. Ka taea e ngā awhiowhio i te tonga o Initonīhia, i runga ake rānei i te Moana Iniana te kukume mai i ngā hau makuku, ka kaha ake ngā hau me te ua i ētahi wāhi, ā, ka piki ake ngā ngaru teitei ka kaha ake te waipuke o te takutai.
4. Ngā āhuatanga o te mata: he aha i puta ai ngā waipuke rerekē i te ua kotahi?
Mā te matawhenua e whakamārama "te nui o te wai e taka mai i te rangi," ko ngā āhuatanga o te mata ia e whakamārama "he aha ka tupu i muri i te taenga o te wai ki te whenua." E rua ngā wāhi he rite tonu te ua, ka rerekē ngā pānga nā ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
a. Te whenua me te āhua whenua
Ka ngāwari ake te waipuke i ngā whenua papaku, i ngā awaawa, i ngā pūaha rānei e tata ana ki ngā wahapū o te awa nā te mea ka puhoi te rere o te wai. I tetahi atu taha, ka pāngia ngā whenua pukepuke e ngā waipuke ohorere mena ka haria e te wai tere te paru me ngā otaota.
b. Te kaha o te awa me ngā āhuatanga o te rohe wai
He kaha tō ngā awa ki te pupuri i te rere o te wai. Mēnā ka nui te ua i te taha whakarunga, ka piki ake te rere, ā, ka taea te waipuke ki raro. Ka taea e te kino o ngā otaota o te taha whakarunga, te horo, me te whakatōpuku te whakawhāiti i ngā awa, ka whakaiti i te kaha o te wai, ka piki ake hoki te tūponotanga o te waipuke.
c. Ngā āhuatanga o te oneone me ngā taumata mākūkū
Kāore e taea e te oneone kua mākū kē i ngā ua o mua te mimiti i te wai tāpiri. Koia te take e puta pinepine ai ngā waipuke i muri i ētahi rā o te ua karapīpiti, ahakoa ehara i te mea ko te ua whakamutunga te mea tino kaha rawa.
5. Ngā āhuatanga tangata: te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o ngā waipuke i puta mai i te huarere
He maha ngā wā ka huri ngā waipuke hei āhuatanga kino nui, ehara i te mea nā ngā āhuatanga huarere anake, engari nā te pikinga ake o te ngoikore o ngā mahi a te tangata:
a. Te noho tāone me ngā mata kore e uru ki roto
Kei te tipu haere ngā tāone nui me te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga o te raima, te uku, me ngā whare kore e uru ki roto i te wai. Nō reira, ka iti haere te urunga mai o te wai, ā, ka piki ake te rere o te wai i runga i te mata. Ko te ua "haumaru" i mua ka huri hei waipuke i te mea ka rere tika te wai ki roto i ngā rori me ngā waikeri.
b. Te koretake o te rerenga wai, ā, he mea ārai hoki
Ko ngā awaawa waikeri whaiti, pāpaku, kore e tiakina pai, kua para rānei, e ārai ana i te rere o te wai. E ai ki te āhuarangi, ka taea te matapae i te nui o te ua, engari ki te kore e ranea te rerenga o te waikeri, ka taea te waipuke ahakoa he poto noa te ua.
c. Te hurihanga whenua me te whakangaromanga o te ngahere
Mā te whakawātea i ngā ngahere me ngā rohe hopu wai i te taha whakarunga ka whakaiti i te kaha rokiroki wai o te rohe. Ka tere te rere o te wai ua ki te wai mata, ka piki ake te rerenga nui o te awa me te tūponotanga o ngā waipuke ohorere.
d. Te totohu o te whenua me ngā waipuke tai
I ngā takutai moana, ka puta te waipuke i te whakakotahitanga o te ua me ngā tai nui. Ko te totohu o te whenua nā te tangohanga o te wai whenua me te taumaha o ngā whare ka whakaiti i te rohe, ka ngawari ake te waipuke. Ka taea hoki e ngā āhuatanga huarere pēnei i te hau kaha me te pēhanga iti te whakanui ake i ngā taumata o te moana mō te wā poto (ngā ngaru nui), ka whakanui ake i ngā tai nui.
6. Te whanaungatanga i waenga i te matawai huarere me te whakatūpato mō te waipuke
Nā te mea he pānga te matawai huarere ki te ua, he mea nui te aroturuki i te huarere hei whakaiti i te mōrearea waipuke. Ko ētahi o ngā taputapu me ngā huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Te radar huarere hei kite i ngā kapua ua me te kaha o te ua i te wā tūturu.
– Ngā amiorangi huarere hei aroturuki i te tipu o ngā kapua me te tohatoha o te mamaoa wai.
– He tauira matapae huarere tau e tohu ana i te pūmanawa o te ua i ngā rā torutoru e whai ake nei.
– Te tātari āhuarangi o ngā wā hei whakatau tata i te tūponotanga o te wā ua nui ake (hei tauira, i te wā o La Niña).
Heoi anō, me whakauru te matawai huarere me te matawai wai hei whakatūpato wawe i ngā waipuke. Me whakamaori ngā matapae ua hei matapae mō te pikinga o te rerenga o te awa, te waipuke, te waipuke ohorere rānei. Arā, ehara i te mea he "matapae ua" anake te mea e hiahiatia ana, engari he "matapae pānga".
7. Whakamutunga
Ka puta ngā waipuke i te taunekeneke matatini i waenga i ngā āhuatanga huarere me ngā āhuatanga taiao. He mahi nui tā te huarere mā roto i te ua nui, ngā tauira ua, me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi o te ao pēnei i te La Niña me te MJO. Heoi, ko te pānga o te waipuke ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga o te mata: te kaha o te awa, te āhua o te whenua, te mākū o te oneone, me te kounga o te whakahaere ā-rohe. Ko ngā mahi a te tangata—te noho tāone, te whakangaromanga o ngā ngahere, te korenga o te waikeri, me te totohu o te whenua—he maha ngā wā ka whakanui ake i te mōrearea, ka huri te ua ka taea te whakahaere hei āhuatanga kino.
Mā te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te waipuke me te matawai huarere, ka taea te whakatinana i ngā mahi whakaiti i te kino: te whakapakari i ngā pūnaha whakatūpato wawe e ahu mai ana i te huarere, te whakapai ake i te whakamahere waikeri me te wāhi, te tiaki i ngā rohe hopu wai, me te whakahaere pumau i ngā rohe wai. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea ko te "huarere kino" anake te take o te waipuke, engari ko te whakarite hoki o te tangata me te taiao ki te whakahaere i te wai e tomo mai ana.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia 1000 kupu tonu (he tata tonu i tēnei wā), ka taea rānei te whakarerekē ki tētahi putanga mō ngā ākonga kura tuarua/kāreti me ngā tauira o ngā take waipuke i ētahi tāone o Initonīhia.
