Ngā Pānga o te Mahanatanga o te Ao ki ngā Āwhiowhio
Ko te mahana o te ao tētahi o ngā take taiao tino nui o tēnei rautau. Ko te pikinga o te pāmahana toharite o te Ao nā te pikinga o ngā kukū o ngā hau kati kōtuhi—pērā i te hauhā waro (CO₂), te methane (CH₄), me te hauota waikura (N₂O)—kua whakarerekē i te pūnaha āhuarangi i runga i te tauine whānui. Ko tētahi pānga e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana ko ngā huringa o ngā tauira me te kaha o te tupuhi. Ko te pātai: he aha te pānga o te mahana o te ao ki te puta o ngā tupuhi, ā, he aha ngā hua mō te tangata me te taiao?
Te mārama ki ngā tupuhi me te pūngao i te āhuarangi
Ko ngā awhiowhio te hua o te taunekeneke matatini i waenga i te wera, te mamaoa wai, te pēhanga hau, me ngā āhuatanga o te hau. He māmā noa iho, ka puta ngā awhiowhio ina piki ake te hau mahana, makuku, ka whakamatao, kātahi ka whakapūpū hei kapua. Ka tukuna e tēnei whakapūpū te wera huna e whakakaha ana i te pūnaha awhiowhio, ka whakapakari i te hau whakarunga, ka puta he ua nui, he uira, me ngā hau kaha.
I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana o te ao, ka taea e te āhuarangi te pupuri i te nui ake o te mamaoa wai. I te taha tinana, mā ia pikinga ake o te pāmahana 1°C ka taea e te āhuarangi te pupuri i te 7% te nui ake o te mamaoa wai (e ai ki te whanaungatanga Clausius–Clapeyron). He mea nui tēnei nā te mea ko te mamaoa wai te "rauemi mata" matua mō te ua nui me ngā awha kaha. Arā, ehara i te mea ka piki ake ngā pāmahana anake e te mahana o te ao—ka huri anō hoki i te nui o te wai i roto i te āhuarangi me te nekehanga o te pūngao i roto i ngā pūnaha huarere.
Kei te piki haere te nui o te ua, kei te kaha haere hoki
Ko tētahi o ngā tohu tino kaha o te mahana o te ao ko te pikinga ake o ngā ua nui. Ina nui ake te makuku o te āhuarangi, ka taea e ngā awha te whakaputa i te ua nui ake i roto i te wā poto. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei i roto i ngā waipuke ohorere i ngā tāone nui me ngā maunga, ina kore e taea e ngā pūnaha waikeri te aro atu ki te rerenga ohorere o te wai.
Ka piki ake anō hoki te mōrearea o ngā āhuatanga kino tuarua i te nui haere o te ua: ngā horo whenua, ngā hinganga o ngā pareparenga, ngā kino o ngā hanganga, me te poke o ngā puna wai ma. He maha ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te tauira "he iti ake te ua, engari ina pā mai, he tino taumaha." Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā wā maroke roa me te ua nui ka piki ake te taumahatanga ki te ahuwhenua, nā te mea ka whakapakeke te oneone ina maroke, ā, kāore e taea te mimiti pai i te wai ina puta he ua nui.
Ngā awhiowhio toropika: ngā awhiowhio kaha ake, kāore pea he nui ake
Ina kōrerohia ngā awhiowhio nui pēnei i ngā awhiowhio, ngā awhiowhio pārūrū, ngā awhiowhio rānei, ka whakamāmāhia te pānga o te mahana o te ao hei "atu awhiowhio". Heoi, he uaua ake te āhua o te ao. He maha ngā rangahau e kī ana ko te mahana o te ao ka whakapiki ake i te kaha o ngā awhiowhio pārūrū—ina koa ko ngā mea tino kaha—ahakoa kāore te tapeke e piki haere tonu puta noa i ngā rohe katoa.
Ka ahu mai te kaha o ngā awhiowhio pārūrū i ngā mata moana mahana. I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana o te mata moana, ka nui ake te kaha e wātea ana hei whakapakari i te awha, ka piki ake te tere o te hau me te ua i waenganui o te awha. Hei tāpiri, ka whakanui ake te hau mahana i te kaha o te mamaoa wai, ka heke iho hei ua nui. Nō reira, he maha ngā "kawenga wai" ka kawea e ngā awhiowhio o ēnei rā, ka nui ake te waipuke ki te takutai me te uta.
Ka whakanui ake te pikinga o te taumata moana i ngā awha o te takutai
E rua ngā huarahi matua e piki ai te taumata o te moana nā te mahana o te ao: te whānui o te wai moana me te rewa o te hukapapa o uta (ngā hukapapa me ngā papa hukapapa). Ka nui ake te pānga o ngā awha o te takutai nā te mea ka teitei ake ngā ngaru awha, ka tae atu ki uta.
Ahakoa te kaha o te tupuhi, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te waipuke o te takutai moana nā te pikinga ake o ngā taumata o te moana. Ka taea e te whakakotahitanga o ngā ngaru tupuhi, ngā ngaru nui, me te ua nui te whakararu i ngā tāone takutai: ka pakaru ngā tauranga, ka toremi ngā whatunga hiko, ka uru te wai tote ki roto i ngā puna wai, ā, ka tino whakaraerae ngā nohoanga kikī.
Ngā huringa o te ara me te wā awhiowhio
Ka taea e te mahana o te ao te whakarerekē i ngā tauira o te rere o te hau me te moana, ka rerekē pea ngā ara me te wā o ngā tupuhi. I ētahi wāhi, ka roa ake pea ngā tupuhi pārūrū i a rātou e neke ana ki ngā whānui teitei ake i te mea ka horapa ngā moana mahana ki ngā rohe matao o mua. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko ngā rohe i pāngia noatia e ngā awhiowhio i mua, ka tīmata pea ki te tūpono ki te piki ake o te mōrearea.
Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia pea te kutikuti hau e ngā panonitanga o te hau (te panonitanga o te tere/te ahunga o te hau me te teitei). Ka ārai te kutikuti hau nui i te hanganga o ngā awhiowhio pārūrū, engari ka āwhina te kutikuti iti i te whanaketanga o te tupuhi. Ka taunekeneke te mahana o te ao me ngā rerekētanga taiao pērā i a El Niño me La Niña, nō reira ka rerekē ngā pānga i waenga i ngā rohe me ngā wā.
Ngā whatitiri, ngā awhiowhio, me te rangi tino kaha
Mō ngā whatitiri ā-rohe, tae atu ki ngā awha pūngao ka taea te whakaoho i ngā awhiowhio, he uaua ake te whanaungatanga ki te mahana o te ao. Ka whakanuia e te mahana te kaha pūmanawa pūngao (CAPE), ka taea te tautoko i ngā awha kaha ake. Heoi, ka pāngia hoki te hanganga awhiowhio e te kutikuti hau me ngā whirihoranga āhuarangi motuhake, nō reira ko te ia o ngā awhiowhio mō te wā roa ehara i te mea ngāwari pērā i te "ka piki haere i ngā wāhi katoa."
Heoi, kua kitea te pikinga ake o ngā ua nui rawa mai i ngā whatitiri i roto i ngā rohe maha. Ehara i te mea nā te auau o ngā awha anake tēnei, engari nā te mea hoki ka nui ake te ua i roto i ia awha nā te nui ake o te haumākū o te āhuarangi.
Pānga pāpori-ōhanga: ngā kino maha
Ehara i te mea ko ngā tatauranga āhuarangi anake ngā pānga o te mahana o te ao ki ngā awhiowhio, engari ko ngā pānga tūturu ki te tangata. He maha ngā mata kore e uru ki roto i ngā tāone hou pērā i te raima me te uku, e tere ake ai te rere o te wai i te wā ua nui. He ngoikore hoki ngā hanganga hiko me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā hau kaha me te waipuke. Nō reira, ko ngā awhiowhio kaha ake ka puta he motuhanga hiko whānui, he whakararuraru i ngā waka, tae atu ki ngā whakararuraru i ngā ratonga hauora.
Ka pāngia te rāngai ahuwhenua e te kino o ngā hua i puta mai i te hau, te waipuke, te horo o te oneone, me te pikinga ake o ngā mate tipu i puta mai i te haumākū nui. I ngā rohe takutai, ka nui ake ngā mōrearea haumaru me te iti ake o ngā rā i te moana e pāngia ana e ngā kaihao ika. I taua wā, ko ngā rōpū ngoikore—pērā i ngā hapori iti te whiwhi moni, ngā kaumātua, me te hunga e noho ana i ngā whare koretake—ko rātou te hunga e tino pāngia ana nā te iti o te urunga atu ki te tiakitanga me te whakaoranga i muri i te aituā.
Te urutau: te whakaiti i te mōrearea, kaua e tatari mō te āwangawanga
Nā te mea kei te puta kē te mahana o te ao, ā, ka haere tonu mō ngā tekau tau ahakoa kua whakaitihia ngā tukunga, ko te urutau te mea nui. Ko ngā mahi urutau ko te whakapai ake i ngā pūnaha whakatūpato wawe, te whakahou i ngā paerewa whare kia tū atu ki te hau me te waipuke, me te whakapai ake i te rerenga wai o te tāone kia tū atu ai ki te ua nui. I te takutai moana, ko te tiakitanga ka uru atu ki te whakaora i ngā mangrove, te hanga pareparenga kua whakaritea, me te whakamahere ā-wāhi e karo ana i te whanaketanga i ngā rohe e pāngia ana e ngā ngaru nui.
He mea nui anō hoki te whakarite i te hapori: te mātauranga mō te whakawātea i te tangata, ngā mahere mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere o te whānau, me te mahi tahi a ngā tari maha mō te tere o te urupare ki ngā āhuatanga kino. Ko te urutau whai hua e whakakotahi ana i ngā otinga e ahu mai ana i te taiao (pēnei i ngā wāhi matomato me ngā wāhi urutomo) me te hangarau hanganga.
Whakaiti: te aro ki te pūtake o te raruraru
Kāore e ranea te urutau anake mēnā ka piki haere tonu ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. Ko te whakaitiiti—te whakaiti i ngā tukunga me te whakanui ake i te pupuri waro—he mea nui ki te whakawhāiti i te mahana o te ao. Ko te whakawhiti pūngao mai i ngā wahie pūmua ki te pūngao whakahou, te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te kawe waka iti-tukunga, me te tiaki ngahere me te whenua tāpoi ngā rautaki matua.
Mā te whakawhāiti i te pikinga o te pāmahana o te ao, ka whakawhāitihia hoki e tātou te kaha o ngā awha nui o te heke mai. Ehara i te mea ka whakaora noa i ngā pūnaha rauropi engari ka whakaitihia hoki te taumahatanga ōhanga me te mate o te tangata mai i ngā āhuatanga kino e maha ana, e kino ana hoki.
Whakamutunga
Ka pā te mahana o te ao ki ngā awhiowhio mā te pikinga o te pāmahana me te haumākū o te āhuarangi, te mahana o te mata o te moana, me te pikinga o te taumata o te moana. Ko ngā pānga tino kitea ko te pikinga o te ua nui, te kaha o ngā awha nui, me te pikinga o te waipuke takutai nā te ngaru awha i runga ake i ngā taumata o te moana. Ahakoa kāore e piki haere te maha o ngā momo awhiowhio katoa, e kī ana ngā taunakitanga kei te piki haere te mōrearea o te huarere kino.
I te aroaro o tēnei āhuatanga, me neke te ao i ngā ara e rua i te wā kotahi: te urutau hei tiaki i ngā hapori mai i ngā awha e piki haere ana te kino, me te whakaiti i te pāmahana hei ārai i te pikinga ake o te mahana. Mā te whakakotahitanga tika o ngā kaupapa here, te auahatanga hangarau, me ngā huringa whanonga, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā pānga o ngā awha tino kino—ā, ka taea tonu te heke mai haumaru.
