Ngā Āhuatanga Āhuarangi me tōna Pānga ki te Huarere
He paraikete hau te āhuarangi e karapoti ana i te Ao, ā, he "atamira" mō ngā momo tukanga ā-tinana e hanga ana i te āhua o te rangi o ia rā. Ehara i te mea he mea tupu noa te āhua o te rangi e pā ana ki a tātou—he paki, he kapua, he ua nui, he whatitiri, he hau kaha rānei. He hua tēnei o ngā nekehanga o te āhuarangi: te nekehanga o ngā papatipu hau, te whakawhiti pūngao, ngā huringa pēhanga, me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā moana, ngā papatipu whenua, me te hihi o te rā. Mā te mārama ki ngā nekehanga o te āhuarangi ka āwhina i a tātou ki te whakamārama he aha ka tere te huri o te rangi, he aha i neke ai ngā wā ua, he aha rānei i pāngia ai tētahi rohe e ngā awha.
Te āhuarangi hei pūnaha hihiri
He pūnaha hihiri te āhuarangi nā te mea kei te neke tonu, kei te urutau hoki ki ngā rerekētanga pūngao puta noa i te mata o te Ao. Ko tōna pūtake pūngao matua ko te hihi o te rā. Heoi, kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha o te hihi o te rā: he nui ake te pūngao e whiwhihia ana e ngā rohe toropika i ngā rohe whānui. Nā tēnei taurite kore e kawe i te wera mai i ngā rohe mahana ki ngā rohe matao mā roto i te tohanga o te āhuarangi me te moana.
Haunga te pāmahana, he kaha nui anō hoki te pēhanga hau. Ka neke te hau mai i ngā wāhi pēhanga teitei ki ngā wāhi pēhanga iti. Ina nui te rerekētanga o te pēhanga, ka kaha ake ngā hau. I te tauine nui, ehara i te mea ko ngā pikinga pēhanga anake te pānga o te nekehanga o te hau engari ko te hurihanga o te Ao, e hanga ana i te kaha Coriolis, me te waku ki te mata, e whakaroa ana i te hau.
Ngā paparanga o te āhuarangi me ō rātou tūranga
Ko ngā āhuatanga huarere tino kaha ka puta i te troposphere, te paparanga o raro rawa o te āhuarangi, e toro atu ana mai i te mata ki te 8–18 km (teitei ake i ngā rohe tropics, iti iho i ngā pou). Kei roto i te troposphere te nuinga o te mamaoa wai, ngā kapua, me ngā āhuatanga huarere. Kei runga ake ko te stratosphere pumau ake, e pā ana ki te huarere mā te kore ā-tikanga, hei tauira mā roto i ngā ia kaha i te rohe o te troposphere-stratosphere, pērā i te jet stream.
Mā te hauhautanga wai e kapi ana i te kohu wai ka puta te hauhautanga me te kapua. Ka tukuna e tēnei tukanga hauhautanga te wera huna, arā, te pūngao i "penapena" i mua i te wā mimiti. Mā te tukunga o te wera huna ka taea te whakapakari i te nekehanga o te hau e piki haere ana, me te whakakaha i ngā awha pūngao pērā i te ua nui me te uira.
Te pēhanga hau, te hau, me te kaha Coriolis
Ko te hau te whakaaturanga tino kitea o ngā whanaketanga o te hau. Ki te kī māmā, ka puta te hau mai i ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga (te pikinga pēhanga). Heoi, nā te mea ka huri te Ao, kāore te ahunga o te hau e tika mai i te tihi ki te iti. Ka hurihia e te kaha Coriolis te nekehanga o te hau ki te matau i te Ao Raki me te taha maui i te Ao Tonga. Ka hua ake tēnei i ngā tauira tohanga pēnei i ngā hau hokohoko, ngā hau uru, me ngā hurihanga āwhiowhio me ngā hurihanga ā-antikioro.
I roto i ngā pūnaha pēhanga iti (awhiowhio), ka kohikohi te hau, ka piki ake. Mā tēnei nekehanga piki ake ka puta he kapua, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te ua. I tua atu, i roto i ngā pūnaha pēhanga teitei (anticyclones), ka totohu te hau, ka mahana, ka ārai i te hanganga o te kapua. Koia te take e pāngia ai ngā wāhi e nui ana te pēhanga teitei e te rangi paki me te maroke.
Te konupūmā, te pumau, me te hanganga kapua
He maha ngā āhuatanga huarere kino ka tīmata i te convection, te nekehanga e piki ake ana o te hau mahana he mama ake i te hau e karapoti ana. Ina werahia te mata o te Ao e te rā, ka mahana ake te hau e tata ana ki te mata. Mena he nui te makuku o te hau e piki ake ana, ka whakapūpū te mamaoa wai ka hanga kapua. Mena he koretake ngā āhuatanga o te hau - ko te tikanga ka noho mahana tonu te hau e piki ake ana i ōna taiao - ka taea e te convection te whanake hei kapua cumulonimbus, ka kawea mai he ua nui, he uira, he hau kaha, tae atu ki te whatu.
He mea nui te pumau o te āhuarangi. I roto i te āhuarangi pumau, ka tere te "pupuri" o te hau e piki ake ana, ka hoki ki tōna āhua taketake, ka puta he kapua angiangi noa iho, kāore rānei he kapua. I roto i te āhuarangi pumau, ka tipu teitei ngā kapua, ā, ka puta he ua nui i roto i te wā poto.
Ngā taha o te rangi, ngā papatipu hau, me te ua nui
Haunga te whakawhiti ā-rohe, ka hangaia hoki te rangi e te huihuinga o ngā papatipu hau. Ko te papatipu hau he nui te rahinga hau me ngā āhuatanga pāmahana me te haumākū ōrite, hei tauira, he papatipu hau moana (haumākū) he papatipu hau whenua (maroke) rānei. Ko te rohe e tūtaki ai ngā papatipu hau rerekē ka kiia he mua. I ngā rohe hau-hauāuru me ngā rohe waenga-whānui, he maha ngā wā ka puta te ua nui mai i ngā mua makariri me ngā mua mahana.
Ka puta ngā matao makariri ina tere te pana a te hau makariri i te hau mahana ki runga, ka puta he ua nui me he whatitiri. He "piki" ake ngā matao mahana; ka piki haere te hau mahana i runga i te hau makariri, ka puta he ua taurite, he roa ake te mau. He maha ngā wā ka honoa ēnei pūnaha matao ki ngā awhiowhio extratropical, arā, he iti te pēhanga o ngā awhiowhio ka taea te kawe mai i ngā huringa nui o te rangi i ia rā, i ia rā.
Ngā awa rererangi me ngā ngaru hau
I te teitei o te 9–12 kiromita, kei reira tētahi rōpū hau tino kaha e kiia nei ko te jet stream. Ka akiakihia te jet stream e te rerekētanga nui o te pāmahana i waenga i ngā rohe wera me ngā pou. Ahakoa tōna tūranga teitei i runga ake i te mata, ka awe te jet stream i te huarere mā te ārahi i te ara o ngā pūnaha me ngā taha raro-pēhanga. Ina kopikopiko te jet stream (ka hanga i ngā ngaru Rossby), ka "raka" ngā tauira huarere, ka pāngia te rohe e te wera roa, te ua roa, te tauraki rānei.
I ētahi wā, ko ngā raruraru i te papa stratospheric pēnei i te mahana ohorere o te papa stratospheric ka pā ki te tūranga o te rerenga hau me te huarere kino i te mata, inā koa i ngā whānui teitei.
Ngā taunekeneke o te moana-hauātea: ngā hauāwhio me te ENSO
I ngā rohe pārūrū pērā i a Indonesia, he kaha te awe o te taunekeneke i waenga i te moana me te whenua ki ngā āhuatanga o te hau. Ko te rerekētanga o te wera i waenga i ngā whenua o Āhia me Ahitereiria ka puta te pūnaha hau mātao. Ina mātao ake a Āhia (te hotoke o te tuakoi raki), ka panaia e te pēhanga teitei ki runga ake i a Āhia ngā hau ki te tonga puta noa i te ekueta. Ka haria e ēnei hau te mamaoa wai mai i te moana, ā, ka tīmata te wā ua i ngā wāhi maha o Indonesia. I tetahi atu taha, ina mātao ake a Ahitereiria, ka maroke ake te hau i ngā hau, ā, ka tīmata te wā maroke.
Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui o te ao ko te ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). Ina puta te El Niño, ka mahana te mata o te moana i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki waenganui-mā-rāwhiti, ka rerekē ngā tauira o te hau me te convection, ā, he maha ngā wā ka heke te ua o Indonesia, ka kaha ake te tauraki me te ahi ngahere. I te wā o La Niña, ka puta te ritenga kē: ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te ua, ā, ka teitei ake te tūponotanga o te waipuke me te horo whenua. E whakaatu ana tēnei kāore ngā āhuatanga o te hau i te motuhake engari he hononga kaha ki ngā āhuatanga o te moana.
Te awe o te āhua whenua me te whakamahinga whenua
Ka hangaia hoki te āhua o te rangi e ngā āhua whenua. Ka akiakihia te hau e ngā maunga kia piki ake (te hiki orographic), nō reira ka mākū ake te taha e anga ana ki te hau, engari ka maroke ake te taha ua-atarangi (te taha o te taha raro). I ngā takutai moana, ka puta ngā hau whenua me ngā hau moana i ngā rerekētanga o te wera i waenga i te whenua me te moana, ā, ka pā ki te hanganga o ngā kapua o te ahiahi.
Ka taea e ngā panonitanga whakamahinga whenua—pērā i te noho tāone nui—te hanga i ngā moutere wera o te tāone. He nui ake te wera e mimitihia ana e ngā tāone nui i ngā otaota, ka piki ake te pāmahana, ka rerekē ngā tauira hau ā-rohe, ka huri hoki te kaha o te ua ā-rohe. Arā, ko te hua o te rangi e pā ana ki a tātou he hua o te huinga o ngā āhuatanga ā-ao, ā-rohe, me ā-rohe.
Ngā pānga ki te matapae huarere me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o te āhuarangi mō te matapae huarere. Ka whakamahia e ngā tauira huarere tau ngā whārite ā-tinana e whakaahua ana i te nekehanga o te hau, te whakawhiti wera, te makuku, me te hanganga kapua. Heoi, nā te mea he pōrearea te āhuarangi, ka taea e ngā āwangawanga iti i ngā āhuatanga tīmatanga te tipu hei rerekētanga nui i roto i ētahi rā. Koia te take he tino tika ngā matapae huarere mō ngā rā torutoru e whai ake nei, ā, ka heke iho i roto i te wā roa.
I tētahi atu taha, mā te mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga o te hau ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te kaha o te ua nui, te ahunga o te hau, ngā ngaru wera, ngā āhuatanga o te ua mokemoke hei whakatūpato wawe mō ngā waipuke, ngā horo whenua, ngā tauraki, me ngā awha. Mā te aroturuki amiorangi, te radar huarere, me ngā teihana huarere, ka taea e tātou te kite i te "tapuwae" o ngā āhuatanga o te hau i te wā tūturu, ā, ka tere ake te whakatau.
Te Katinga
Mā te whanaketanga o te āhuarangi ka whakamāramahia te āhua o te rangi e te pūngao o te rā, ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga, te hurihanga o te Ao, te haumākū, me ngā taunekeneke ki ngā moana me te āhua whenua. Mai i ngā hau mārie i te takutai ki ngā whatitiri kaha, he hua katoa ēnei o te nekehanga tonu o te hau me te whakawhiti pūngao. Mā te mārama ki ēnei tukanga, kāore e taea e tātou te mārama noa he aha te rerekētanga o te rangi engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te whakarite mō ngā mōrearea o te huarere kino, e piki haere ana te hiranga i waenga i te huringa āhuarangi me te piki haere o ngā mahi a te tangata i ngā rohe rerekē.
