Ngā Tikanga Whakamahinga Konganuku me ā rātou Whakamahinga
Ko te whakamahine whakarewa he raupapa o ngā tukanga whakarewa e aro ana ki te whakanui ake i te parakore o te whakarewa mai i ōna rauemi mata—ahakoa he konganuku, he mea kukū, he tukanga whakarewa tuatahi rānei (te konganuku mata). I roto i te mahi ahumahi, ko te whakamahine he mea nui atu i te "whakapai ake i te parakore o te whakarewa," engari ko te whakaiti i ngā taumata o ētahi poke kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tono motuhake. Hei tauira, me nui te parakore o te parahi mō ngā taura hiko kia pai ai te kawe hiko. I taua wā, ka taea e te maitai koranu mō te hanga te aro ki ētahi hanganga mena he pai ōna āhuatanga miihini. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga matua mō te whakamahine whakarewa me ngā tauira o tā rātou tono i roto i ngā momo rāngai.
He aha te hiranga o te whakapai ake i te konganuku?
Ka pā nui ngā poke o ngā konganuku ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga matū, pērā i te kawe hiko/wera, te ātete ki te waikura, te kaha kume, te ngāwari, me te whanonga whakarewa, whakarewa rānei. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā poke ka pāngia te hua e ngā hapa, pērā i te pakarukaru i ētahi pāmahana, te ngawari ki te pakaru, te heke rānei o te ātete waikura. Nō reira, he taahiraa nui te whakamahine konganuku i roto i te mekameka whakaputa—mai i te keri me te tukatuka kohuke ki te whakarewa me te hanga.
Haunga te mahi, kei roto hoki i te whakamahine ngā take haumaru me te taiao. Ka pāngia ngā tukunga me ngā para o te tukanga e ngā poke pērā i te whanariki, te whākawa, te āheniki, te mata rānei, e ngā mea poke pēnei i te whanariki, te whākawa, te ātini, te mata rānei, ā, me whakahaere kia tutuki ai ngā ture.
1) Te whakamahine i te pūmua whakarewa (e ahu mai ana i te pāmahana teitei)
Ka whakamahia e te pyrometallurgical ngā pāmahana teitei hei whakawairakau, hei whakamakuku, hei wehewehe rānei i ngā poke mā roto i ngā tauhohenga me ngā rerenga me te para. Ko te whakamahine pyrometallurgical ka puta i muri i te tukanga whakarewa tuatahi.
a. Te whakahāngaitanga whiriwhiri me te whakamahine ki te para
I roto i tēnei tikanga, ka hurihia ngā poke e ngāwari ake te waikura i te konganuku turanga hei waikura, ā, ka hopukina e te para. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi rerenga (pērā i te raima/kōhatu raima hei hanga CaO) ka āwhina i te here i ngā poke waikura hei para ka taea te wehe atu i te konganuku rewa.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Te Hanga Rino: Mā ngā tukanga taketake pēnei i te Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) ka waikura te waro, te silicon, te manganese, te phosphorus, me ētahi whanariki. Ka āwhina te para kawakore ki te here i te phosphorus, ka whakaiti i tōna ihirangi.
– Te whakangawari i te parahi: I te wāhanga "whakangawari ahi", ka pupuhihia te hāora hei whakawairakau i ētahi poke, kātahi ka mahia te "poling" (te whakaiti māramatanga) kia kore ai e nui rawa te hāora i roto i te parahi.
b. Te whakatōtō me te whakapūpū (te mimiti)
He iti noa te kohua o ētahi konganuku, o ētahi poke rānei, nō reira ka taea te wehewehe i runga i ngā rerekētanga o te āhua o te mimiti. He pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā konganuku pēnei i te konutea (Zn) me te mercury (Hg), tae atu ki te tango i ngā poke mimiti.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Te purenga konutea: Ko ētahi huarahi whakaputa konutea e whakamahi ana i te whakahoromata hei whakanui ake i te parakore o te konutea rewa.
– Te tango i ngā poke pūngāwerewere: I ētahi tukanga, ka taea te wehe i ngā poke pēnei i te cadmium nā te mea he pūngāwerewere ake i te konganuku matua.
Ko ngā painga o te pyrometallurgy ko te tere whakaputa me tōna pai mō te tukatuka papatipu. Heoi, ko ōna ngoikoretanga ko te nui o ngā hiahia pūngao me te kaha o ngā tukunga hau (hei tauira, SO₂) mena kāore e whakahaerehia me te pūnaha whakahaere.
2) Te whakamahine wai-whakarewa (e ahu mai ana i te otinga)
Ka whakamahia e te hydrometallurgy ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te wāhanga otinga, e toru ngā wāhanga matua: te tango wai, te wehenga/whakapūmautanga o te otinga, me te whakaora i te konganuku pērā i te whakatītaha, te wini hiko rānei.
a. Te horoi me te purenga o ngā otinga
Ka whakarewaina te konganuku, te matū kukū rānei mā te whakamahi i te waikawa, te kawa, te matū whakapūtā rānei. Kātahi ka purea te otinga mai i ngā poke mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakapūtātanga whiriwhiri, te whakawhiti katote, te tango whakarewa rānei.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Nikara me te konukura: He maha ngā tukanga hou e tukatuka ana i te laterite, i te whanariki rānei mā te tango wai, kātahi ka purea te otinga hei wehe i te Ni me te Co.
– Koura: I roto i te tukanga cyanidation, ka rewa te koura hei matū matatini, kātahi ka wehea mai i te otinga mā te whakamahi i te mimiti waro whakahohe me ngā mahi i muri mai.
b. Te tango whakarewa (SX)
Ka whakamahia e SX ngā rerekētanga o te kaha o ngā katote konganuku ki ētahi whakarewa waro, kia taea ai te "neke" i te konganuku ūnga mai i te wāhanga wai ki te wāhanga waro, kātahi ka whakahokia (tangohia) ki tētahi otinga parakore ake.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Parahi (SX-EW): Ka purea te otinga horoi ki te SX, kātahi ka tangohia te parahi mā te hiko-wini kia riro hei katote parahi kounga teitei.
E kiia ana ko te mahi whakarewa wai he ngāwari ake, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta he parakore teitei, engari me āta whakahaere ngā matū me te whakahaere pai i ngā wai para.
3) Te whakamahine hiko (te whakamahine hiko me te whakamātao hiko)
He tikanga nui te whakamahine hikohiko hei whakaputa i ngā konganuku tino parakore. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te whakamahi i te iahiko hei whakarewa i te konganuku mai i te anode ka whakatakoto anō ki runga i te cathode.
a. Te whakapai hiko
He konganuku poke te anode, he rau angiangi o te konganuku parakore te cathode, ā, ko te electrolyte he otinga o te tote o te konganuku. Ka tau te konganuku parakore ki runga i te cathode, ā, ka taka ētahi poke hei paru anode, ka rewa rānei.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Parahi: Ka whakaputa i ngā katote parahi parakore-teitei (e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei kawe hiko). Ko ngā konganuku utu nui pēnei i te hiriwa me te koura ka kukūhia ki te paru anode hei tukatuka atu.
– Nikara: Ka whakaputahia e te mahi whakakoi hiko te nikara kounga teitei mō ngā mahi whakarewa me te whakakikorua.
b. Te wikitoria hiko
He rerekē ki te whakamahine hiko, ka tangohia tika te konganuku mai i te otinga horoi/whakamahine, ehara i te anode konganuku mata.
Ngā tauira tono:
– SX-EW parahi, konutea, me ētahi atu konganuku: e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakaputa hua katote parakore-teitei.
Ko ngā painga o te tukanga hikohiko ko te parakore teitei me te whakahaere pai o ngā hanganga, engari ko te haumi hiko me te hiahia mō te hikohiko pumau he mea nui.
4) Te purenga motuhake mō te parakore tino teitei
Mō ngā mahi hikohiko, ngā mahi whatu, ngā mahi rangahau rānei, ka eke te parakore o te konganuku ki te 99,99% (4N) neke atu rānei. Koinei te wāhi e whakamahia ai ngā tikanga motuhake.
a. Te whakamahine i te rohe
Ka rewahia te konganuku i roto i tētahi rohe iti e neke ana i te pae. He pai ake te rewa o ngā poke i roto i te āhua wai i te āhua totoka, nō reira ka panaia i te nekehanga o te rohe rewa ka kohia ki te pito o te pae, kātahi ka tapahia.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Te hiko, te germanium, te gallium: he mea tino nui i roto i te umanga semiconductor.
b. Te whakamahine korehau
I te pēhanga iti, ka māmā ake te mimiti o ngā poke pūngāwerewere. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te whakaiti i ngā hau rewa (hauwai, hauota) me ngā poke pūngāwerewere.
Ngā tauira tono:
– Ngā maitai motuhake me ngā koranu tino kaha: mā te tango hau korehau ka whakanui ake i te pakari me te whakaiti i te porosity.
– Te Taitānia me te zirconium: i ētahi wāhanga, he mea nui te whakahaere i te āhuarangi nā te mea he nui te tauhohenga ki te hāora me te hauota.
5) Ngā hua o te whakamahinga o te whakamahine whakarewa i roto i ngā momo rāngai
a. Te hiko me ngā taputapu hikohiko
Ko ngā konganuku tino parakore pērā i te parahi me te konumohe e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taura, ngā pae pahi, me ngā wāhanga ara iahiko. E tika ana kia tino parakore kia iti ai te ngaronga hiko me te iti o te whakaputa wera. I roto i ngā hikohiko, ka tautokohia e ngā konganuku tino parakore me ngā haurua-ira te mahi a ngā transistors, ngā pūoko, me ngā maramara.
b. Te kawe waka me te hanga whare
I roto i ngā koranu maitai me te konumohe, ka āwhina te whakamahine i te whakahaere i ngā poke pērā i te whanariki me te whākawa, ka taea te whakararuraru. Ko te hua he rauemi kaha ake, he ātete ki ngā kawenga hihiri, he pono ake hoki e tika ana mō ngā piriti, ngā whare, ngā kaipuke, tae noa ki ngā anga waka.
c. Ahumahi matū me te pūngao
Me tino whakahaere i ngā hanganga o ngā koranu e ahu mai ana i te nikara, te chromium, me te molybdenum kia tū atu ai i te waikura me ngā pāmahana teitei—hei tauira, i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū, i ngā paipa, i ngā tāhū hau, me ngā tipu hiko. Mā te whakamahine ka kore e hipa ngā poke e tere ai te waikura i ngā rohe.
d. Ngā whakapaipai me ngā konganuku utu nui
Ka whakamahia te koura, te hiriwa, me te konukawata hei whakatutuki i ngā taumata motuhake (hei tauira, te koura 24K) hei whakamahi rānei i roto i ngā koranu whakapaipai. Mā te tukanga whakamahine ka taea hoki te whakaora i ngā konganuku utu nui mai i ngā para hiko me te paru anode.
Whakamutunga
Kei roto i ngā tikanga whakamahine whakarewa ngā huarahi pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, me te electrolytic, tae atu ki ngā tikanga motuhake pēnei i te zone refining me te vacuum refining. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo whakarewa, te āhua o te rauemi mata, te momo me te nui o ngā poke, te whāinga parakore, me ngā whakaaro ōhanga me te taiao. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakakotahi te ahumahi i ētahi tikanga hei whakatutuki i ngā hua tino pai. Mā te whakamahine tika, ka taea e ngā whakarewa te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa mahi teitei—mai i ngā taura hiko me ngā hanganga whare ki ngā wāhanga semiconductor—koinei te turanga nui o te hangarau hou.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia mārama ake (me ngā tohutoro me ngā hoahoa rere tukanga), ka arotahi rānei ki tētahi konganuku motuhake pērā i te parahi, te konumohe, te nikara rānei.
