Ngā Tikanga Tātari Huānga i roto i ngā Tauira Whakarewa
I te ao o te whakarewa, ko te kounga me te mahi a ngā rauemi whakarewa e tino whakatauhia ana e ō rātou hanganga huānga. Ko te nui o ngā huānga matua pēnei i te rino (Fe), te konumohe (Al), te parahi (Cu), te nikara (Ni), te chromium (Cr), me te manganese (Mn), tae atu ki ngā huānga iti me ngā huānga iti pēnei i te waro (C), te whanariki (S), te whākawa (P), te hāora (O), te hauota (N), te hauwai (H), te boron (B), me te tine (Sn) ka pā ki te kaha, te pakari, te ātete ki te waikura, te āheinga whakarewa, me te pumau o te wera. Nō reira, ko ngā tikanga tātari huānga i roto i ngā tauira whakarewa he taahiraa nui i roto i te whanaketanga rauemi, te whakahaere kounga whakaputa, te tātari rahunga, me te whakarite kia tutuki i ngā paerewa ahumahi.
1. Ngā Whāinga me ngā Wero o te Tātari Huānga i roto i ngā Rauemi Whakarewa
Ko te whāinga o te tātari huānga he whakatau i te momo me te kukū o ngā huānga i roto i te konganuku, i te koranu rānei, mā te rahinga, mā te haurua-rahinga rānei. Ko ngā wero matua ki ngā tauira whakarewa ko te rerekētanga hanganga moroiti, te wehenga huānga, te noho o ngā wāhanga tuarua me ngā whakaurunga, me ngā pānga matrix ka taea te whakararuraru i ngā pānui taputapu. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā maitai koranu, ko ngā rerekētanga o te ihirangi waro me ngā huānga koranu i te tauine moroiti ka arahi ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā hua mena kāore te tauira e whakaatu ana i te tohu. Hei tāpiri, ko ētahi huānga māmā pēnei i te C, N, O, me te H he uaua ki te ine me ngā taputapu rite ki ngā konganuku taumaha, ā, he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he tikanga motuhake.
2. Te Whakarite Tauira: Te Pūtake o te Tika
Ko te wāhanga whakarite tauira te mea e whakatau ana i te kounga o ngā hua tātari. Mō ngā tātari mata-pūtake pēnei i te XRF, SEM-EDS rānei, me ma, me papatahi te mata tauira, me kore he waikura me ngā poke. He mea noa te oro āta haere (hei tauira, 240 ki te 1200 grit), te oro, me te horoi waipiro, te horoi ultrasonic rānei. Mō ngā tātari otinga pēnei i te ICP-OES, AAS rānei, me whakarewa katoa te tauira mā te tikanga nakunaku mā te whakamahi i te waikawa (hei tauira, he ranunga o te HNO₃, HCl, HF, aqua regia rānei) e tika ana mō te momo koranu. He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakarewa hei ārai i te ngaronga o ngā huānga pūngoi, i te hanganga rānei o ngā matūriki ka taea te whakararu i ngā hua.
3. Te Ine Tukunga Whatu (OES): Tere mō te Whakaputa
He tikanga rongonui te Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) mō te whakahaere i te hanganga o te koranu, inā koa i roto i ngā ahumahi maitai me te whare whakarewa. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te whakaatu i te mata whakarewa ki te mura hiko, ka mimiti i tētahi wāhanga iti o te rauemi, ka tukuna he whānuitanga mārama motuhake mō ia huānga. Ka hurihia te kaha o te whānuitanga ki te kukū mā te whakamahi i te whakatikatika paerewa.
Ko ngā painga o te OES ko tōna tere, te tika mō ngā huānga maha, me te tono tika ki ngā tauira totoka. He whai hua anō hoki te OES mō ngā huānga pēnei i te C me te P i roto i te maitai (i runga i te whirihoranga taputapu me te whakatikatika). Ko ngā herenga ko te hiahia mō ngā paerewa whakatikatika e tika ana mō te matihiko, te aro ki ngā āhuatanga o te mata, me ngā herenga ki ētahi huānga iti i ngā kukū tino iti.
4. Te Whakapūtanga Hiko-X (XRF): Kāore e Whakangaro, ā, he maha ngā mahi
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te XRF mō te tautuhi tere me te tātari i ngā huānga nui me ngā huānga iti o te koranu. Mā ngā hihi-X i tukuna ki tētahi tauira ka tukuna e ngā ngota te hihi-X i ngā pūngao motuhake. He tino pai tēnei tikanga nā te mea kāore e whakangaro, he iti noa te whakarite e hiahiatia ana, ā, he pai mō te tirotiro tere i te mara (mā te whakamahi i te XRF ringaringa).
Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o te XRF ki te ine i ngā huānga māmā pēnei i te C, N, me te O, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore i te tino aro ki ētahi huānga iti. Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia ngā hua e ngā waikura mata, ngā peita, ngā paninga rānei, ā, me āta whakamārama. Mō ngā rauemi paninga, ka taea e te XRF te whakaata hē i te paninga kaua ki te rauemi turanga mēnā he nui te matotoru o te paninga.
5. SEM-EDS/WDS: Tātaritanga Moroiti me te Mahere Huānga
Mā te Matawai Irahiko Matawai me te Matawai Marara Pūngao (SEM-EDS) ka taea te tautuhi huānga i te tauine iti, tae atu ki te mahere tohatoha huānga me te tātari i ngā matūriki iti pēnei i ngā whakaurunga, i ngā matūriki rānei. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā rangahau hapa whakarewa, pēnei i te kimi i ngā whakaurunga waikura/pūkawa, te wehewehe huānga i ngā rohe kōpaka, te hanganga wāhanga tuarua rānei.
He tere, he whai hua hoki te EDS, engari he iti ake tōna taumira pūngao i tērā o te Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS). He tika ake te WDS mō ngā huānga he taupatupatu ngā irahiko, ā, he pai ake ngā rohe kitenga, engari he roa ake te tātari. Kei roto i ngā tikanga e rua ngā tikanga mai i te haurua-tau ki te tau, i runga i ngā paerewa, te whakatikatika matihiko, me te kounga o te whakarite.
6. ICP-OES me ICP-MS: Teitei o te aro ki ngā huānga whaihanga
He tikanga tātari otinga tino tairongo te Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) me te Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ka whakarewaina ngā tauira, kātahi ka werohia ki roto i te plasma pāmahana tino teitei, ka puta te mārama i roto i ngā ngota/katoni (ICP-OES) ka kitea rānei e te papatipu (ICP-MS). Ko te ICP-MS te nuinga o te wā ko te rohe kitenga iti rawa, he pai mō ngā huānga iti ki ngā huānga tino iti.
Ko ngā painga matua o te ICP ko tōna āhua maha-huānga me te tino aro. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te hiahia kia tika te waimeha o te tauira, te mōrearea o te poke o te matū, me te aroaro o ngā pokanoa ā-ira, ā-matihiko rānei (hei tauira, nā te nui o te ihirangi Fe i roto i te maitai), me aro atu ki te waimeha, ki ngā paerewa ā-roto, ki ngā tikanga whakatikatika rānei.
7. AAS: He Tikanga Matarohia e Whai Hua Tonu Ana
Ko te mahi a te AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) mā te ine i te mimiti o te mārama e ngā ngota o tētahi huānga motuhake i roto i te oumu mura, oumu karāhe rānei. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia tonutia te AAS nā tōna māmā me te tika mō ētahi huānga, inā koa i roto i ngā taiwhanga he iti noa ngā hiahia tātari. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te ine i te kotahi huānga mō ia inenga (kāore i te rite te pai ki te ICP maha-huānga), ā, kāore e tino whai hua mō ngā tawhā maha i te wā kotahi.
8. Tātari Hau: C, S, O, N, H i roto i ngā Konganuku
He pānga nui tō ngā huānga waenga me ngā hau rewa pērā i te C, S, O, N, me te H ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te ātete ki te waikura. He maha ngā wā ka inehia ēnei mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātari mura/whakakotahi. Ko tētahi tikanga noa ko te tahu, te whakarewa rānei i tētahi tauira i roto i tētahi āhuarangi motuhake hei whakaputa hau (CO₂ mō te waro, SO₂ mō te whanariki, O/N/H rānei i roto i ngā āhua motuhake), kātahi ka inehia mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūrere kite kawe hiko whero, wera rānei.
He mea tino nui tēnei tikanga mō te maitai (te whakahaere waro), ngā koranu titanium (e pāngia ana e te O2 me te N2), me te konumohe (te pūngao whakarewa e pā ana ki te hauwai). Ko ngā wero matua ko te aukati i te poke, te whakarite i te papatipu tauira tika, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi rere me ngā rauemi paerewa e tika ana.
9. Kōwhiringa Tikanga: Te Urutau ki ngā Hiahia me ngā Paerewa
Kāore he tikanga kotahi e pai ake ana mō ngā take katoa. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tātari huānga ka whakatauhia e te kaupapa (te whakahaere whakaputa, te rangahau, te arotake paerewa), te momo rauemi (te maitai, te superalloy, te konumohe, te parahi), te whānuitanga kukū (nui vs. tohu iti), me te hiahia mō ngā āhuatanga whakangaro, kore-whakangaro rānei. Mō te tautuhi tere i te koranu i te mara, he maha ngā wā he rawaka te XRF ringaringa. Mō te whakahaere hanganga maitai i roto i te tipu, he tino whai hua te OES. Mō ngā kaupapa tohu iti me te tiwhikete, he pai ake te ICP (ina koa ko te ICP-MS). Hei mārama ki ngā take o ngā rahunga e pā ana ki te hanganga moroiti, ko te SEM-EDS/WDS te tikanga pai.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā paerewa me ngā tohutoro pēnei i te ASTM, ISO, JIS rānei e tautuhi ana i ngā tikanga, te whakarite, me ngā āwangawanga e whakaaetia ana. Ka whakatinanahia e te taiwhanga pai te mana whakahaere kounga mā te whakamahi i ngā Rauemi Tohutoro Whaimana (CRM), te āheinga ki te whakahoki, te whakataurite, me te ripoata i ngā āwangawanga ine.
10. Whakamutunga
Ko ngā tikanga tātari huānga i roto i ngā tauira whakarewa he huinga o te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tika, te whakarite tauira tika, me te whakamārama i ngā hua e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā pānga o te matihiko me te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi. Mā te OES me te XRF ka tere me te whai wāhi ki te tātari auau, mā te SEM-EDS/WDS ka kitea ngā māramatanga mō te hanganga moroiti me te tohatoha huānga, ko te ICP-OES/ICP-MS me te tātari hau ka kitea te aro nui ki ngā huānga iti, iti, me ngā huānga waenga. Mēnā he huarahi tika, he tūāpapa nui te tātari huānga hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā rauemi whakarewa i ngā paerewa mahi, haumaru, me te ahumahi.
