Ngā Tikanga Kore-Whakangaro i roto i te Whakamātautau Konganuku
He wāhanga nui te whakamātautau whakarewa hei whakarite i te kounga, te haumaru, me te pono o ngā wāhanga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi maha, tae atu ki te hanga, te hangahanga, te motuka, te hinu me te hau, te whakaputa hiko, me te rererangi. I roto i ngā huarahi maha e wātea ana, ko te whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (NDT) te whiringa pai rawa atu nā te mea ka taea te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi me te kore e kino, e whakaiti rānei i te mahi a te wāhanga e whakamatautauria ana. Mā te NDT, ka taea te kite wawe i ngā hapa, ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te rahunga, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā utu tiaki.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Kaupapa o te Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro
Ko ngā tikanga kore-whakangaro he raupapa o ngā tikanga tirotiro e whakamahia ana hei kite i ngā hapa o te mata me ngā hapa o roto o te konganuku, me te kore e hiahiatia kia tapahia, kia whatiia, kia kino rānei te mea whakamātautau. Ko ā rātou whāinga matua ko:
1. Kimihia ngā hapa mai i te tīmatanga, i te wā e hangaia ana, me te wā e whakamahia ana te wāhanga.
2. Kia tutuki ngā paerewa pēnei i te ASME, ASTM, ISO, AWS, me ētahi atu.
3. Whakapai ake i te haumaru mahi mā te ārai i ngā pakaru ohorere, pērā i ngā kapiti i roto i ngā paipa pēhanga teitei.
4. Whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ngā wāhanga mā te tirotiro auau me te tiaki matapae.
5. Whakaitihia te wā kore mahi nā te mea ka taea te whakarite whakatikatika i runga i ngā raraunga āhua tūturu.
Ngā Momo Koha Noa i roto i te Mea Whakarewa
I mua i te mārama ki ngā tikanga NDT, he mea nui kia mōhio ki ngā momo hapa e puta pinepine ana i roto i te konganuku, tae atu ki:
– Ngā kapiti: ka puta pea i te ngenge, te waikura i te ahotea, te ngoikore rānei o ngā tukanga whakarewa.
– Te pūngao: ngā pūngao iti i puta mai i te hau kua mau i te wā e whakarewa ana, e whakarewa ana rānei.
– Ngā whakaurunga: ngā matūriki ke kua mau i roto i te konganuku, hei tauira te para.
– Te korenga o te hanumi / te korenga o te urunga: te korenga o te hanumi, te urunga rānei ki ngā hononga whakarewa.
– Te waikura me te angiangi: te hekenga o te matotoru o ngā rauemi nā te taiao.
– Te wehewehe i ngā paparanga o ētahi rauemi: te wehenga o ngā paparanga.
He rerekē ngā āhuatanga me ngā wāhi o ia momo hapa, nō reira ka tīpakohia te tikanga NDT i runga i ngā hiahia.
Ngā Tikanga NDT e Whakamahia Whānuitia ana
1. Whakamatau Ataata (VT)
Ko te whakamātautau tirohanga te tikanga NDT taketake rawa atu, ā, koinei te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te tirotiro. Ka mahia tika te tirotiro mā te whakamahi i ngā kanohi, i ngā taputapu rānei pērā i te karāhe whakanui, te karu tirotiro, te kāmera rānei.
Te taikaha:
– He iti te utu, he tere hoki
– Ka kitea ngā hapa mata e kitea whānuitia ana pērā i ngā kapiti nui, te whakarerekētanga āhua, te waikura rānei
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Ka whai hua anake mō ngā hapa e kitea ana i te mata
– He tino whakawhirinaki ki te pūkenga o te kaitirotiro me ngā āhuatanga o te rama
2. Whakamātautau Whakauru Wai (PT)
Ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei kimi i ngā hapa o te mata tuwhera i roto i ngā rauemi kore-pūwero. Ka pania he wai wero, ka tukuna kia werohia ki roto i te kapiti, kātahi ka horoia, ka whakawhanakehia kia kitea ai ngā hapa e kitea ana.
He pai mō:
– Ngā kapiti angiangi i te mata
– Ngā rauemi pēnei i te maitai, te konumohe, me te maitai kore waikura (mēnā kāore e pūngāwerewere)
Te taikaha:
– He pāwera ki ngā kapiti iti
– He tino māmā noa iho ngā taputapu
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Kāore e kitea ngā hapa o roto
– Me horoi pai te mata
– Kāore e pai mō ngā mata taratara/pūpū
3. Whakamātautau Matūriki Aukume (MT)
Ka whakamahia motuhaketia te MT mō ngā rauemi ferromagnetic pērā i te maitai waro. Ka aukumetia te wāhanga, kātahi ka whakamahia ngā matūriki aukume (maroke, mākū rānei). Mena he kapiti kei reira, ka turuturu te papa aukume (ka turuturu te rere), ā, ka kohia ngā matūriki ki te wāhi hapa.
Te taikaha:
– He tino whai hua mō ngā kapiti o te mata me ngā kapiti tata ki te mata
– Tere mō te tirotiro i ngā hononga whakarewa me ngā whakarewa maitai
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Kāore e tika ana mō te konumohe, te parahi, te maitai kore-whakarewa rānei
– Me whai tukanga tango-aukume i ētahi wā
– Ka pāngia ngā tohu e te āhua ā-ira me te ahunga o te aukumetanga
4. Whakamātautau Ultrasonic (UT)
Ka whakamahia e te UT ngā ngaru ultrasonic auau-teitei e whakaatahia ana i ngā rohe rauemi, i ngā hapa ā-roto rānei. Ka pānuihia e te kaiwhakahaere ngā tohu whakaata i runga i te mata hei whakatau i te wāhi me te rahi o te tohu.
Te tono whānui:
– Te kimi i ngā hapa ā-roto i roto i ngā pereti, ngā mea hanga me ngā hononga whakarewa
– Te ine matotoru mō te aroturuki i te waikura (te ine matotoru)
Te taikaha:
– Ka taea te kite i ngā hapa o roto i tētahi hōhonutanga
– Te tino tika mō te matotoru me te taunga o te hapa
– Kāore e whakamahi i te irahiko
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Me whai kaiwhakahaere mohio
– He uaua pea te whakamaoritanga
– Me uru atu ngā mata ki te wāhi tika, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he hononga (he kirikiri)
Kei roto i ngā whanaketanga UT hou ko te Phased Array UT (PAUT) e kaha ana ki te whakaputa i ngā whakaahua whakawhiti-wāhanga taipitopito ake o ngā hapa, me te whakapiki ake i te pono o te tirotiro.
5. Whakamatau Irirangi (RT)
Ka whakamahia e RT ngā hihi-X, ngā hihi gamma rānei hei whakaputa whakaahua ā-roto o ngā wāhanga i runga i te kiriata, i te pūoko matihiko rānei. Ka puta ngā hapa pēnei i te porosity, i ngā whakaurunga rānei hei rerekētanga mātotoru i roto i te whakaahua.
Te taikaha:
– He pai mō te tirotiro i ngā hapa rahinga (ngā pūwero, ngā poka, ngā whakaurunga)
– Ka taea te tiaki i ngā tuhinga i roto i te ahua o ngā whakaahua mō ngā rekoata mahi.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– He mōrearea kei te pā mai te irahiko, nō reira me tino whai tikanga haumaru
– Ngā utu tino teitei
– Kāore i te tino pāngia e ngā kapiti angiangi me te āhua kino o te taha
I ēnei rā, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o te Irirangi Mamati (DR) me te Irirangi Rorohiko (CR) hei tere ake i te tukanga me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te kiriata.
6. Whakamātautau Eddy nāianei (ECT)
Ka whakamahia e te ECT ngā iahiko hurihuri e puta mai ana i roto i ngā konganuku kawe hiko. Ka kitea ngā huringa o te iahiko nā ngā hapa, ngā huringa matotoru, ngā rerekētanga rauemi rānei e te ine.
He pai mō:
– Te kimi i ngā pakaru o te mata i roto i te konumohe (umanga rererangi)
– Te tirotiro i ngā ngongo whakawhiti wera
– Te ine i te matotoru o tētahi paparanga motuhake
Te taikaha:
– Tere, ā, ka taea te mahi me te kore e pā tika (i ētahi whirihoranga)
– He tairongo ki ngā hapa o te mata me te taha tata ki te mata
– Kāore e hiahiatia he hononga
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Me whai wheako ki te whakamaoritanga tohu
– Te hohonutanga o te urunga iti
– He mea awe nā te kawe hiko me te uruhanga o te rauemi
7. Whakamātautau Acoustic Emission (AET)
Ka kitea e te AET ngā ngaru pīngore i puta mai i te tipu o te kapiti, i te whakarerekētanga rānei i te wā e utaina ana ngā wāhanga (hei tauira, i te wā whakamātautau pēhanga). Ka tāpirihia ngā pūoko ki te mata hei hopu i ngā "tukunga".
Te taikaha:
– Ka taea te aroturuki i tētahi wāhi whānui i te wā kotahi
– He pai mō te kite i ngā mahi hapa e "neke" ana, e kino haere ana rānei
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– He pai ake hei tikanga aroturuki i te mahere taipitopito o ngā wāhi hapa.
– Ngāwari ki te haruru o te taiao
Te Kōwhiri i te Tikanga NDT Tika
Kāore he tikanga kotahi e pai ake ana mō ngā take katoa. Ko te whiriwhiri i te NDT e whakawhirinaki ana ki ētahi āhuatanga:
– Momo rauemi (ferromagnetic, kāore rānei, he kawe hiko, kāore rānei)
– Te momo hapa e rapua ana (mata, mata tata, ā-roto)
– Te āhua me te rahi o ngā wāhanga
– Te wātea ki te wāhi tirotiro
– Ngā paerewa e hiahiatia ana
– Ngā mōrearea mō te utu, te wā, me te haumaru
Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whai hua te tirotiro i ngā kapiti angiangi o te maitai kua whakarewaina me te MT, te PT rānei, engari he pai ake te whakamahi i te UT, te RT rānei hei kimi i ngā hapa o roto i ngā whakarewa matotoru.
Te Tūranga o ngā Paerewa me ngā Pūkenga o ngā Kaimahi
Ehara i te mea ko ngā taputapu anake te mea e whakatau ana i te tika o te NDT, engari ko ngā tikanga me te pūkenga o ngā kaimahi anō hoki. Ko ngā tiwhikete pēnei i te ISO 9712, ASNT SNT-TC-1A, ngā pūnaha tiwhikete ā-motu rānei hei paearu hei whakarite kia tika ngā pūkenga o ngā kaitirotiro. Hei tāpiri, me piri ngā tikanga tirotiro ki ngā paerewa ahumahi e tika ana kia pono ai, kia tika ai hoki ngā hua.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui ngā tikanga kore-whakangaro i roto i te whakamātautau whakarewa hei pupuri i te kounga me te haumaru o ngā wāhanga ahumahi. Mā ngā tikanga pēnei i te VT, PT, MT, UT, RT, ECT, me te AET ka taea te kite i ngā momo hapa me te kore e kino te tauira whakamātautau. Me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa tikanga ki te momo rauemi, ngā āhuatanga hapa, ngā whakaritenga paerewa, me te whai hua o te utu me te wā. Mā te whakatinanatanga tika o te NDT me ngā kaimahi matatau, ka taea e ngā ahumahi te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te rahunga, te whakapai ake i te pono o ngā rawa, me te whakarite i ngā mahi haumaru me te pumau.
