Ngā Tikanga Āhua Rauemi i roto i te Hangarau Whakarewa
Ko te mahi whakarewa te pūtaiao me te hangarau e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā konganuku me ō rātou koranu. Ko tēnei tukanga ko te tango i ngā konganuku mai i ngā konganuku me te hanga koranu mō ngā tono motuhake. Hei mārama me te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi konganuku me ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana, ka mahia te tautuhi rauemi. Ko te tautuhi rauemi te tukanga o te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, matū, hanganga, me te ā-pūkaha o tētahi rauemi. I roto i te horopaki o te mahi whakarewa, he mea nui ēnei tikanga tautuhi mō te aromatawai i te kounga me te mahi a ngā konganuku me ngā koranu. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga tautuhi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te mahi whakarewa koranu ko ētahi o ngā tikanga tautuhi.
1. Karuārai Mata
Ko te karuārai kanohi he tikanga whakaahua e whakamahi ana i te mārama e kitea ana hei whakarei ake i ngā whakaahua o te hanganga moroiti o tētahi rauemi. I roto i te mahi whakarewa, he tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te tirotiro i te hanganga moroiti o ngā konganuku me ngā koranu. Ka taea e ngā tirohanga hanganga moroiti te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio nui mō te rahi me te tohatoha o te witi, te noho o ngā āhuahanga, me ngā hapa o te rauemi, pērā i ngā whakaurunga kore-whakarewa me te porosity.
Tukanga Matawai Whatu:
1. Te Whakarite Tauira: Me tapahi, me whakakanapa, ā, i ētahi wā me whakairo ngā tauira whakarewa ki ngā wairewa matū motuhake hei whakamārama i te hanganga moroiti.
2. Tirotiro: Kātahi ka tirohia te tauira kua whakaritea mā te whakamahi i tētahi karuārai whatu kua rite ki tētahi karuārai arotahi me tētahi karuārai kanohi.
3. Tātari: Ka tātarihia ngā whakaahua hanganga moroiti kua riro mai hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana pēnei i te rahi o te kōpura me te tohatoha ā-wāhanga.
2. Karuārai Irahiko
He teitei ake te taumira o ngā karu hikohiko i ngā karu hikohiko whatu, ā, ka taea te tirotiro taipitopito i runga i te tauine nanometer. Ko ngā momo matua e rua o ngā karu hikohiko e whakamahia ana i roto i te mahi whakarewa ko te Karu Hikohiko Matawai (SEM) me te Karu Hikohiko Tuku (TEM).
Karuārai Irahiko Matawai (SEM):
1. Te Whakarite Tauira: He rite ki te karuārai hiko whatu, engari me pai te kawe hiko mō te tauira. Ki te kore, ka pania te tauira ki tētahi rauemi kawe hiko.
2. Tirotiro: Ka tukuna ngā irahiko pūngao-tiketike ki te mata tauira, ā, ka kitea ngā irahiko tuarua e whakaatahia ana mai i tēnei mata hei hanga i ngā whakaahua whenua me ngā whakaahua hanganga.
3. Tātari: Ka taea e te SEM te whakarato mōhiohio mō te kakano o te mata me te tātari i te hanganga huānga mā te whakamahi i te mātakitakitanga marara pūngao hihi-X (EDS).
Karuārai Irahiko Tuku (TEM):
1. Te Whakarite Tauira: Me tino angiangi te tauira (tata ki te 100 nm) kia taea ai e ngā irahiko te uru. Ko ngā tikanga whakarite ko te whakakanapa, te mira katote, me ētahi atu tikanga.
2. Tirotiro: Ka tukuna ngā irahiko mā roto i te tauira, ā, ka kitea hei hanga i tētahi āhua o roto o te tauira.
3. Tātari: Mā te TEM ka taea te whakatau i te ngota ngota, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaatu i ngā taipitopito hanganga, pērā i ngā rohe kōpaka, ngā nekehanga, me ngā rerekētanga tioata.
3. Te Whakarerekētanga o te Hihi-X (XRD)
He tikanga XRD e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te hanganga tioata o ngā rauemi. I roto i te mahi whakarewa, he mea nui tēnei tikanga mō te tautuhi i ngā āhua me te whakatau i ngā tawhā whatunga o ngā tioata.
Te Tukanga Whakarerekētanga Hiko-X:
1. Te Whakarite Tauira: Me whakarite ngā tauira i te ahua paura, i te ahua kiriata angiangi rānei.
2. Whakamātautau: Ka tukuna ngā hihi-X ki tētahi tauira, ā, ka inehia te tauira whakarara e puta mai ana.
3. Tātari: Ka tātarihia ngā tauira whakarara hei tautuhi i ngā āhua tioata me te whakatau i ngā tawhā whatunga me ngā ahotea toenga i roto i te rauemi.
4. Te Matawai
He tikanga tātari te ine-ā-ira e uru ana ki te taunekeneke i waenga i te irahiko hikohiko me te matū. Ka taea te whakamahi i te ine-ā-ira i roto i te mahi whakarewa hei tātari i te hanganga matū me te hononga i roto i ngā konganuku me ngā koranu.
Ngā momo tātaritanga:
1. Te Matawai Ngongo Ātomo (AAS): Whakamahia mō te tātari i ngā huānga iti i roto i ngā konganuku.
2. Te Tirotiro Tukunga Hiko (Spark OES): He tikanga mō te tātari tere me te tika o te hanganga huānga i roto i ngā konganuku.
3. Te Matawai Pūwhero Whānui (FTIR): He mea whai hua mō te tautuhi i ngā hononga matū i roto i ngā rauemi.
5. Whakamātautau Mīhini
He mea nui te tautuhi ā-pūkaha i roto i te mahi whakarewa hei whakarite kei te rauemi ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha e hiahiatia ana mō tana whakamahinga. Kei roto i tēnei whakamātautau he maha ngā whakamātautau e ine ana i te kaha, te mārō, te pakari, me te ngāwari o te rauemi.
Ngā momo whakamātautau mīhini:
1. Whakamātautau Kume: Hei whakatau i te kaha kume, te kaha tuku, me te roa o te rauemi.
2. Whakamātautau Pehitanga: Hei ine i te kaha pehitanga o te rauemi.
3. Whakamātautau Pakeke: Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i a Vickers, Brinell, me Rockwell hei ine i te pakeke.
4. Whakamātautau Pakari: Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga Charpy, Izod rānei hei ine i te pakari me te kaha o te rauemi ki te tu atu i ngā pānga.
5. Whakamātautau Ngenge: Aromatawai i te pakari o ngā rauemi i raro i te kawenga huringa.
6. Tātaritanga Wera
He tikanga te tātari wera e whakamahia ana hei ako i ngā panonitanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā rauemi hei pānga o te pāmahana. I roto i te mahi whakarewa, he mea nui tēnei hei mārama ki te pumau wera me ngā panonitanga āhua o ngā rauemi.
Ngā momo Tātaritanga Wera:
1. Te Ine i te Rerekētanga o te Calorimetry (DSC): Ka ine i te rere o te wera e pā ana ki ngā huringa āhuahanga i roto i tētahi rauemi.
2. Tātaritanga Thermogravimetric (TGA): E ine ana i te panoni o te papatipu o tētahi rauemi hei pānga o te pāmahana.
3. Tātaritanga Wera Rerekētanga (DTA): E ine ana i te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i te tauira me te tohutoro i te wā e whakamahana ana, e whakamatao ana rānei.
Te Katinga
He taahiraa nui te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi i roto i te mahi whakarewa hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga me ngā whanonga o ngā konganuku me ngā koranu. Ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te karuārai whatu, te karuārai irahiko, te whakarara hihi-X, te tirotiro ira, te whakamātautau miihini, me te tātari wera e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio tino nui mō te whakawhanake me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whai hua, mahi-teitei. Mā te māramatanga hōhonu ki ēnei tikanga, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini te whakatairanga i te kitenga me te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi whakarewa hou e taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te hangarau me te ahumahi hou.
