Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Waikura o te Mea Whakarewa
Ko te waikura te tukanga pirau e puta ana i roto i te konganuku nā te tauhohenga matū i waenga i te konganuku me tōna taiao. Ka taea e te waikura te arahi ki te pirau o te rauemi, te heke o te hanganga, me te pakaru o te rauemi. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka arotakehia e mātou ngā āhuatanga rerekē e pā ana ki te waikura konganuku me te pehea e whai wāhi ai ēnei āhuatanga ki te tere ake, ki te whakaroa rānei i te tukanga waikura.
1. Te Hanganga Matū o ngā Konganuku
Ko te hanganga matū o te konganuku tētahi o ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te tere o te waikura. Ko ngā konganuku parakore he iti ake te ātete ki te waikura i ngā koranu konganuku. Hei tauira, he nui ake te ātete waikura o te maitai kore waikura nā te mea kei roto ko te chromium, e hanga ana i tētahi paparanga waikura tiaki i runga i tōna mata. Haunga te chromium, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia ngā huānga pēnei i te nickel me te molybdenum hei whakapai ake i te ātete waikura.
2. Āhua o te Mata
He mea nui anō hoki te āhua o te mata whakarewa ki te tukanga waikura. Ka tere ake te waikura o ngā mata taratara, ngā mata pūwero rānei i ngā mata maeneene, papatahi hoki. Ka taea e ngā tukanga whakakanapa me te paninga te āwhina ki te whakaiti i te tere o te waikura mā te kati i ngā pūwero me te whakangawari i te mata whakarewa, kia uaua ai te whakaeke a ngā taiao waikura.
3. Taiao
a. Te Hanganga o te Otinga
He nui te pānga o te taiao e karapoti ana i te konganuku ki te tere o te waikura. Mā te noho mai o ētahi katote, pērā i te pūhaumāota, te whanariki, me te hauota i roto i te wairewa, ka piki ake te tere o te waikura. Hei tauira, he tino waikura te pūhaumāota ki te maitai kore waikura nā te mea ka taea e ngā katote pūhaumāota te uru ki te paparanga tiaki o te chromium oxide, ka puta ai te waikura pakaru, te waikura ira rānei.
b. pH
He mea nui anō hoki te pH o te wairewa. Ka tere ake te waikura i ngā taiao waikawa (pH iti), inā koa i roto i ngā konganuku pēnei i te rino me te maitai. I taua wā, ko ngā taiao kawakore (pH teitei) he iti ake te waikura, engari kāore i te tino kore mōrearea o te waikura, inā koa mēnā kei roto i te wairewa ētahi katote.
c. Te pāmahana
Ka pā anō hoki te pāmahana ā-taiao ki te tere o te waikura. I te nuinga o te wā, ka piki ake ngā tere o te tauhohenga matū me te pāmahana, nō reira ka tere ake te waikura i ngā pāmahana teitei ake. Heoi, he rohe kei reira te pānga o ngā pāmahana teitei ki ngā huringa o te hanganga moroiti o te konganuku, ka pā ki tōna ātete waikura.
4. Ngā Take Hikohiko
a. Pūmanawa Hikohiko
He rerekē te pūmanawa hiko paerewa o ia konganuku. Ko ngā konganuku e tere ake te waikura (ko ērā he iti ake te pūmanawa hiko) ka ngawari ake te waikura. Hei tauira, he iti ake te pūmanawa hiko o te rino i te koura, ā, ka ngawari ake te waikura.
b. Te Waikura o te Pūnaha
Ka puta te waikura konukōre ina pā atu ngā konganuku e rua he rerekē ngā pūmanawa hiko, ā, ka rumakina ki roto i te wairewa irahiko. Ko te konganuku he iti ake te pūmanawa hiko ka mahi hei anode, ā, ka tere ake te waikura, ko te konganuku he nui ake te pūmanawa hiko ka mahi hei cathode, ā, ka tiakina mai i te waikura.
5. Te ahotea ā-mīhini
Ka pāngia te ngoikore o te konganuku e te ahotea ā-pūkaha. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te ngatata waikura ahotea (SCC). Ka puta te SCC ina pāngia te konganuku e te ahotea i roto i ētahi taiao waikura, ka arahi pea ki te hanganga o te kapiti me te pakaru i muri mai. Hei tauira, ka pāngia te maitai kore waikura e te SCC i roto i ngā taiao kei roto he pūhaumāota ina pāngia e te ahotea.
6. Kiriata Tiaki
Ka taea e ētahi konganuku te hanga i tētahi kiriata waikura tiaki hei whakawhāiti i te tere o te waikura. Ka puta tēnei kiriata i te nuinga o te wā ina tauhohe te konganuku ki te hāora o te hau, ki ētahi atu wāhanga rānei o te taiao. Hei tauira, ka hangaia e te konumohe he paparanga waikura konumohe tino pumau e tiaki ana i te konganuku mai i te waikura anō. Heoi, i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e tēnei kiriata tiaki te pakaru, te kore rānei e hanga tika, ka waiho te konganuku kia ngoikore ki te waikura.
7. Ngā rauropi iti
Ka taea e ētahi moroiti te awe i te waikura whakarewa mā te tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te waikura i awehia e te koiora-pūtaiao (MIC). Ka taea e ngā huakita, ngā rimurimu, me ngā harore te hanga i ngā kiriata koiora ki runga i ngā mata whakarewa, ka rerekē te kukū o te hāora, ka puta rānei he matū waikura pēnei i te waikawa whanariki. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā huakita whakaiti-whanariki (SRB) te whakaiti i ngā katote whanariki ki te hauwai whanariki (H2S), he tino waikura ki te rino me te maitai.
8. Te Awe o te Wai Whenua me te Wai Moana
a. Wai whenua
Ka rerekē te hanganga matū o te wai whenua i runga i te tauwāhi whenua me ngā āhuatanga whenua. Ka taea e te wai whenua kei roto ngā kohuke motuhake, pērā i te pūhaumāota, te whakakino i ngā hanganga whakarewa kei roto. Hei tāpiri, ka pā anō hoki te pH me ngā taumata hāora rewa i roto i te wai whenua ki te tere o te pirau.
b. Wai moana
He taiao tino waikura te wai moana mō ngā konganuku nā te nui o te tote (NaCl), e whakarato ana i ngā katote pūhaumāota hei whakatere i te tukanga waikura. Hei tāpiri, kei roto hoki i te wai moana te hāora rewa, e tautoko ana i ngā tauhohenga waikura hiko.
9. Parenga Ārai-Waikura
Hei tiaki i te konganuku mai i te waikura, he maha ngā tikanga ka taea te whakamahi. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga matua ko:
a. Paninga
Mā te paninga o ngā paninga tiaki pērā i te peita, te whakapūmau (konutea), me ngā paninga kore-whakarewa pērā i te kirihou ka taea te wehe i te whakarewa mai i ngā taiao waikura. Ka mahi ēnei paninga hei ārai ā-tinana e whakaiti ana i te pā o te whakarewa ki ngā huānga waikura.
b. Te Tiakitanga Katorika
Ko te tiaki katotika ko te whakamahi i tētahi iahiko hiko o waho hei whakaiti i te kaha o ngā irahiko whakarewa, kia kore ai e waikura. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga ki ngā hanganga o raro i te wai, ki ngā paipa rānei o raro whenua.
c. Ārai Waikura
He matū ngā aukati waikura e tāpirihia ana ki ngā taiao waikura hei whakaiti i te tere o te waikura. Ka mahi ngā aukati mā te hanga i tētahi paparanga tiaki i runga i te mata whakarewa, mā te whakarerekē rānei i ngā āhuatanga o te wairewa kia iti ake ai te waikura.
10. Whakamutunga
He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te waikura o te konganuku, tae atu ki te hanganga matū o te konganuku, ngā āhuatanga o te mata, te taiao, ngā āhuatanga hikohiko, te ahotea ā-mīhini, te noho mai o ngā kiriata tiaki, ngā moroiti, me te hanganga o te wai whenua me te wai moana. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga hei tiaki i ngā rauemi konganuku mai i te pirau waikura. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tiaki tika, pērā i te paninga, te tiaki katote, me te whakamahi i ngā aukati waikura, ka taea te whakaiti i te kino o te waikura, ā, ka roa ake te ora me te mahi a ngā rauemi konganuku i roto i ngā momo tono.
