Me pēhea te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga miihini o ngā rauemi mā te whakamātautau
He taahiraa nui te whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga hangarau o tētahi rauemi ki te mārama ki te whanonga o tētahi rauemi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Mai i te hanganga whare ki te whakawhanaketanga hua hikohiko, ka whakawhirinaki ngā ahumahi katoa ki te tautuhi tika i ēnei āhuatanga kia pai ai te kounga me te mahi o te hua whakamutunga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo whakamātautau e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga hangarau o tētahi rauemi me tōna hiranga i roto i te ahumahi.
1. Pendahuluan
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o tētahi rauemi he tohu matua mō tōna kaha ki te tu atu i ngā kawenga me te whakarerekē i te āhua. Hei whakarite kia tika te rauemi mō tētahi tono motuhake, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kaha, te ngāwari, te ngāwari, te pakeke, me te pakari. Me whai huarahi pūtaiao me te hangarau hei ine tika i ēnei āhuatanga. Mā te whakamātautau ā-pūkaha ka whakaratohia he tikanga mō te ine i ēnei āhuatanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaeretia.
2. Ngā Momo Āhuatanga Mīhini
I mua i te tūhuratanga o ngā tikanga whakamātautau, he mea āwhina kia mārama ki ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o te miihini e whakamatautauria ana, tae atu ki:
1. Kaha Kume: Ko te kaha o tētahi rauemi ki te tu atu i te kawenga kume i mua i te pakaru. I te nuinga o te wā ka inehia tēnei i roto i ngā megapascal (MPa).
2. Kaha Pehi: Te kaha o tētahi rauemi ki te tu atu i ngā kawenga pehi.
3. Te Taurite o te Āhuahira (Te Taurite a Young): E ine ana i te pakari o tētahi rauemi, i tōna ātete rānei ki te whakarerekētanga āhuahira.
4. Ngāwari: Te āheinga o tētahi rauemi ki te whakarerekē i tōna āhua kirihou i mua i te pakaru.
5. Pakari: Te kaha o tētahi rauemi ki te ātete i te whakarerekētanga tuturu.
6. Pakari: Te kaha o tētahi rauemi ki te mimiti i te pūngao kia pakaru rā anō.
3. Tikanga Whakamātautau Āhuatanga Mīhini
He maha ngā tikanga whakamātautau e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā rauemi. Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga matua:
a. Whakamātautau Kume
Ko te whakamātautau kume tētahi o ngā tikanga tino noa, tino taketake hoki mō te ine i te kaha kume, te tauwehenga elasticity, me te ngāwari. I roto i te whakamātautau kume, ka whakanohoia he tauira paerewa ki roto i tētahi mīhini whakamātautau kume, ā, ka tukuna ki ngā kawenga kume e piki haere ana kia pakaru rā anō. Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga mai i tēnei whakamātautau hei whakaputa i tētahi kōpiko ahotea-taumahatanga e whakaatu ana i te nui o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rauemi.
– Taputapu: Mīhini whakamātautau kume, ngā tauira paerewa (he maha ngā rākau, he rau rānei o ētahi rahi).
– Tukanga: Ka herea te tauira ki ngā pito e rua, ka tukuna ki raro i te kawenga kume tonu tae noa ki te whati.
– Ngā Inenga: Ka tuhia te ahotea me te taumahatanga i te wā whakamātautau.
b. Whakamātautau Kōpeketanga
Ka whakamahia te whakamātautau pēhanga mō ngā rauemi e whai hua ake ana i roto i ngā mahi pēhanga, pērā i te raima. Ka ine tēnei whakamātautau i te whanonga o te rauemi i raro i ngā kawenga pēhanga.
– Taputapu: Mīhini whakamātautau pēhanga, ngā tauira paerewa (he rango, he poraka rānei te nuinga).
– Tukanga: Ka tukuna te tauira ki raro i te kawenga pēhanga kia puta rā anō te āhua rerekē tuturu, te whati rānei.
– Ine: Ka tuhia te ahotea pēhanga me te taumahatanga pēhanga.
c. Whakamātautau Pakari
He maha ngā tikanga hei ine i te pakeketanga o ngā rauemi, pērā i ngā tikanga Brinell, Rockwell, me Vickers. He rerekē ngā momo wero me ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau e whakamahia ana e ia tikanga hei whakaatu i te ātete o te rauemi ki te whakarerekētanga ā-rohe.
– Taputapu: Mīhini whakamātautau mārō, taputapu wero.
– Tukanga: Ka pēhia te taputapu wero ki roto i te mata o te tauira me tētahi kawenga kua whakaritea, kātahi ka inehia te hohonutanga, te rahi rānei o te kōhao.
– Ine: Ka whakatauhia te uara pakeke i runga i te rahi o te kōhao, te hohonu rānei o te werohanga.
d. Whakamātautau Pānga
Ko te whakamātautau pānga he ine i te pakari o te rauemi, te kaha rānei ki te mimiti i te pūngao i mua i te pakaru. Ko ngā whakamātautau Charpy me Izod ngā tikanga e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
– Taputapu: Mīhini whakamātautau pānga, tauira āhua tokotoko me ngā kōhao.
– Tukanga: Ka herea te tauira, kātahi ka pāngia ohoreretia e te pendulum.
– Ine: Ka tatauhia te pūngao e mimitihia ana e te tauira i te wā whati mai i te ngaronga pūngao o te pendulum.
4. Te Hiranga o te Whakamātautau Mīhini
He maha ngā pānga nui o te whakamātautau mīhini ki ngā momo ahumahi:
1. Haumaru me te Pono: Te whakarite kia kaha, kia pakari hoki ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi nui pēnei i ngā piriti, ngā waka rererangi, me ngā waka, kia kore ai e pakaru.
2. Te Whakawhanaketanga Rauemi Hou: Te āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi hou me te arotau i aua āhuatanga mō ngā tono motuhake.
3. Mana Kounga: Te whakarite kia tutuki ngā hua e whakaputaina ana i ngā whakaritenga me ngā paerewa e tika ana, kia piki ake ai te pono o te hua i te mākete.
4. Penapena Utu: Te tautuhi i ngā rauemi tino whai hua me te tino ohanga mō tētahi tono motuhake, ā, mā reira ka whakaitihia ngā utu whakaputa me te kore e whakaiti i te kounga.
5. Akoranga Take
Hei whakaatu i te hiranga o te whakamātautau miihini, me whakaaro tātou ki tētahi tauira ako mai i te umanga motuka. Mehemea kei te whakawhanake tētahi kaihanga motuka i tētahi parepare hou i hangaia ki ngā rauemi hiato. I mua i te whakamahinga o te rauemi i roto i tētahi waka, me whai i tētahi raupapa whakamātautau miihini kia tino taea ai te tu atu i ngā pānga kino o tētahi tukinga.
– Whakamātautau Kume me te Pēhanga: Whakamahia hei whakarite kei te rawaka te kaha kume me te kaha pēhanga o te rauemi hiato e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hanganga haumaru.
– Whakamātautau Mārō: Whakamahia hei mārama ki te ātete o te rauemi ki ngā karawarawa me te whakarerekētanga ā-rohe ka puta pea i te wā e whakamahia ana.
– Whakamātautau Pānga: I whakamahia hei whakarite kia taea e te parepare te mimiti i te kaha pānga hei tiaki i ngā pāhihi i roto i te waka.
Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga mai i ēnei whakamātautau hei whakarerekē i te hanganga rauemi, i te hoahoa parepare rānei, kia pai ai te haumaru me te mahi. Kia whakaaetia te rauemi mā roto i ēnei whakamātautau, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te haere tonu ki te whakaputa me te māia ka tutuki i te hua whakamutunga ngā paerewa haumaru me te mahi.
6. Whakamutunga
He mea nui te whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā rauemi hei whakarite kei te rauemi kua tīpakohia mō tētahi tono ngā āheinga e tika ana. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamātautau pēnei i te whakamātautau kume, te whakamātautau pēhi, te pakeke, me te whakamātautau pānga, ka taea te ine me te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha maha. Ehara i te mea ko ngā hua o ēnei whakamātautau anake e whakaatu ana kei te tutuki i te rauemi ngā whakaritenga hoahoa engari ka āwhina hoki i te whakawhanaketanga rauemi hou, te whakahaere kounga, me te penapena utu i roto i te whakaputanga.
Ehara i te mea ko te whakamātautau āhuatanga mīhini anake te mahi paerewa a te umanga engari he taahiraa matua hoki ki te whakarite i te haumaru, te pono, me te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono. Mā ngā whakataunga e ahu mai ana i ngā hua whakamātautau mīhini tika ka whakaratohia he turanga pakari mō te angitu me te auahatanga i roto i te whanaketanga hua a meake nei.
