He aha te Hangarau Whakarewa me ngā Tauira
Pendahuluan
Ko te hangarau whakarewa he kaupapa e aro ana ki te ako me te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga, te whakahaere, me te tukatuka i ngā rauemi whakarewa. Kei roto i tēnei mara he whānuitanga o ngā mahi, mai i te keri me te whakamahine i te konganuku ki te whakarewa, ki ngā tikanga hanga me te tukatuka whakamutunga. He mea nui te hangarau whakarewa i roto i ngā momo rāngai ahumahi, tae atu ki te motuka, te rererangi, te hanga, me te hikohiko.
Whakamāramatanga me te Whānuitanga
I ahu mai te kupu "whakarewa whakarewa" i ngā kupu Kariki "metallon," ko tōna tikanga he konganuku, me te "ergon," ko tōna tikanga he mahi. Ehara i te mea ko ngā konganuku parakore anake te mea e akohia ana e te hangarau whakarewa whakarewa, engari ko ngā ranunga, koranu rānei, me ō rātou taunekeneke me ētahi atu matū i roto i ngā tukanga me ngā tono hanga.
Ngā momo mahi whakarewa
Ka taea te wehewehe i te hangarau whakarewa ki ētahi momo marautanga iti i runga i ngā tukanga me ngā tono rerekē:
1. Te Whakarewa Tango
Ko te mahi whakarewa tango e aro ana ki te mātauranga me ngā tikanga mō te tango i ngā konganuku mai i ō rātou konganuku tūturu. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te whakamahine i ngā konganuku mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te pyrometallurgy (te whakamahi i te wera), te hydrometallurgy (te whakamahi i ngā otinga wai), me te electrometallurgy (te whakamahi i te iahiko hiko).
2. Te Mahi Whakarewa Mīhini
Ko te mahi whakarewa ā-ringa e pā ana ki te tukatuka ā-ringa o ngā konganuku, mai i te whakarerekētanga ki te whakapakari. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga ngā tikanga pēnei i te hanga, te pēhi, te hurihuri, me te whakaputa. Ko te whāinga he whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-ringa o te rauemi, pēnei i te kaha, te roa, me te ngāwari.
3. Te Whakarewatanga ā-tinana
Ko te mahi whakarewa ā-tinana e arotahi ana ki te hanganga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi. Kei roto i tēnei tikanga ngā rangahau moroiti, te tātari wera, me te whakaahuatanga o ngā rauemi hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o ngā konganuku me ngā koranu.
Ngā Tauira o te Hangarau Whakarewa i roto i ngā Whakamahinga Tuturu
1. Ahumahi Motuka
He mea nui te mahi whakarewa i roto i te umanga motuka. Ko tētahi o ōna whakamahinga matua ko te hanga miihini me ngā wāhanga motuka. Hei tauira, he maha ngā whakamahinga o te maitai koranu me te konumohe hei hanga anga me ngā tinana waka. Ko ngā koranu konumohe pēnei i te AA6061 e whakamahia ana mō ō rātou āhuatanga mama engari he kaha, ko ngā maitai koranu ia e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā wāhanga miihini mō ō rātou pakari me te roa.
2. Ahumahi Hanga
I roto i te umanga hanga, he mea nui te hangarau whakarewa mō te hanga rauemi hanga pēnei i te maitai hanganga. Ko te maitai hanganga, pēnei i te maitai waro-iti (ngawari), e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanganga o ngā whare teitei, ngā piriti, me ētahi atu hanganga. Mā te tukanga o te whakakotahi i ngā momo huānga ki roto i te maitai me te whakamahana i a ia ka whakarite i te pumau me te kaha e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā tono hanganga.
3. Te Rererangi
E hiahiatia ana e te umanga rererangi ngā rauemi he kaha teitei, he ātete hoki ki ngā pāmahana tino kino. Ko ngā koranu titanium me te nikara he tauira o ngā konganuku e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi rererangi me ngā mahi rererangi. E whakamahia ana te titanium i roto i ngā wāhanga rererangi me ngā miihini jet nā te mea he teitei te ōwehenga kaha-ki-taumaha me te ātete ki te waikura. I taua wā, e whakamahia ana ngā koranu super-hangai-nikara i roto i ngā tāhū hau nā te mea he ātete ki ngā pāmahana teitei me te waikura.
4. Ahumahi Hikohiko
I roto i te umanga hikohiko, ka whakamahia te hangarau whakarewa i roto i te whanaketanga me te hanga rauemi haurua-ira, ngā kaiārahi, me ngā whakarewa. Ko te koura me te parahi ngā konganuku e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ara iahiko hiko nā te mea he teitei te kawe hiko. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā konganuku whenua onge pēnei i te tantalum me te niobium ka whakamahia i roto i ngā pūnga me ētahi atu wāhanga hiko iti.
5. Ahumahi Pūngao
He wāhi nui anō hoki tā te hangarau whakarewa i roto i te umanga pūngao, inā koa i roto i te hanga o ngā tāwhana hau me ngā tipu hiko karihi. Ka whakamahia ngā maitai koranu motuhake i roto i te hanga o ngā mata tāwhana hau, e hiahia ana kia kaha me te ātete ki te kino o te ngenge. I roto i ngā tipu hiko karihi, ka whakamahia ngā koranu zirconium hei rauemi whakakī wahie karihi nā te mea kāore e taea te tauhohe ngāwari ki te uranium.
Ngā Tikanga me ngā Tikanga Hangarau Whakarewa
He maha ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te hangarau whakarewa hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi whakarewa, tae atu ki:
1. Te whakarewa
Ko te whakakoi ko te tukanga whakaranu i ngā huānga whakarewa e rua, neke atu rānei, hei whakaputa i tētahi rauemi he pai ake ōna āhuatanga. Ko tētahi tauira matarohia ko ngā koranu maitai, he mea tito mai i te rino me te waro, me ētahi atu huānga pērā i te chromium me te nickel hei whakanui ake i te ātete me te kaha ki te waikura.
2. Te Maimoatanga Wera
Ko te maimoatanga wera he whakahaere i te whakamahana me te whakamatao o tētahi rauemi hei whakarerekē i tōna hanganga moroiti me ōna āhuatanga hangarau. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga te whakamahana, te whakamahana, me te tinei.
3. Ngā Tukanga Whakatakoto
Ko ngā tukanga hanga he tukatuka i te konganuku mā te whakarerekētanga kirihou kia puta ai te āhua me te rahi e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā tauira o ngā tikanga hanga ko te hanga, te tā, te hurihuri, me te whakaputa.
4. Te paninga me te maimoatanga mata (Te paninga me te maimoatanga mata)
Ka pania ngā paninga me ngā maimoatanga mata hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura, te pakeke o te mata, me te ataahua o ngā rauemi. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga ko te whakakikorua hiko, te whakanikoniko, me te tae matū.
Te Anamata o te Hangarau Whakarewa
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua whanake tonu te hangarau whakarewa i runga anō i ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā hiahia ahumahi uaua haere. Kei te haere tonu te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi hou pēnei i ngā koranu kaha-teitei, ngā rauemi hiato, me ngā rauemi nano. Ko te hangarau nano me te hanga tāpiri he tauira o ngā au hou e tumanakohia ana hei whakatakoto i te ara mō ngā mahi auaha anō i roto i te hangarau whakarewa.
He mea nui te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau whakatauira me te whakatauira ki tēnei whanaketanga, e āhei ai ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini ki te hoahoa me te arotau i ngā rauemi me te tino tika i mua i te hanga tuturu. Kei te tīmata hoki te whakamahi i te whakaurunga o te matauranga horihori me te tukatuka raraunga nui hei matapae i te whanonga rauemi me te whakateretere i te rangahau me te whanaketanga.
Whakamutunga
He kaupapa matua, he kaupapa whakamahi hoki te hangarau whakarewa, ā, he mea nui tēnei i roto i te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga o te ao hou. Mai i ngā waka e taraiwahia ana e tātou ki ngā taputapu hiko e whakamahia ana e tātou, e hono ana ngā mea katoa ki ngā auahatanga o tēnei mara. Kei te whanake tonu ngā hangarau me ngā tikanga hangarau whakarewa, e whakarato ana i ngā otinga matatau ki ngā wero o nāianei me ngā wero o muri mai. Me te haere tonu o ngā whanaketanga rangahau me te whanaketanga, ka noho tonu te hangarau whakarewa hei pou nui o te ahumahi me te hangarau o te ao.
