Ngā Kōwhiringa Mīhini Papu mō te Whakamakuku
Ko te whakamakuku pono te mea nui mō te angitu o te mahi ahuwhenua, inā koa i ngā wāhi he ua koretake, he roa rānei ngā wā maroke. Haunga te puna wai, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i te papu tika mō te angitu o te whakamakuku. Ka tukuna e te papu tika te rere o te wai, te pēhanga tika, me te whakapaunga wahie pai, me te whakaiti i te tiaki. I tetahi atu taha, mā te whiriwhiri i te papu hē ka piki ake ngā utu whakahaere, ka ārai i te wai kia tae ki ngā taha o ngā mara, ka pakaru wawe rānei te papu. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kōwhiringa papu whakamakuku, ō rātou momo, me pēhea te whakarerekē i aua mea ki ngā hiahia o tō whenua me tō puna wai.
Kia mārama ki ngā hiahia whakainu i te tuatahi
I mua i te hoko i tētahi papu, me mārama ngā kaimahi pāmu, ngā kaiwhakahaere whenua rānei ki ngā mea matua e toru: te rere o te wai (te kaha o te rere), te pane (te teitei o te pana/pēhanga), me te tawhiti tohatoha.
– Ko te tere rere (Q) e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā rita ia hekona (L/hekona) me ngā mita pūtoru ia hāora (m³/hr) rānei. Ka nui ake te whenua, ka nui ake hoki ngā poraka whakamakuku e whakamakukuhia ana i te wā kotahi, ka nui ake te tere rere e hiahiatia ana.
– Ko te Upoko (H) te pēhanga katoa me wikitoria e te papu, e whai ake nei ko te rerekētanga teitei (hei tauira, mai i te awa ki te whenua) me te ngaronga pēhanga nā te waku o ngā paipa, ngā piko, ngā hononga me ngā pūwero (mēnā he pūwero).
– Ko te pūtake wai (awa, awaawa, puna pāpaku, puna hōhonu, puna wai, roto rānei) e whakatau ana i te momo papu e tika ana, inā koa mō te kaha momi me te hōhonutanga o te wai.
Mā ēnei mōhiotanga e toru, ka tika ake te whiriwhiri i te papu, ā, ka karohia te "whiriwhiri noa i te mea nui" he mea maumau moni tēnei.
Ngā momo papu whakamakuku me ō rātou whakamahinga
1) Papu pūwero
Ko ngā papu pūwero te mea tino whakamahia mō te whakamakuku i te mata o te whenua, te whakakī i ngā roto, te whakawhiti wai rānei mai i ngā awaawa ki ngā mara. Ka whakamahia he impeller hei huri i te wai, hei hanga rere me te pēhanga.
Te taikaha:
– He iti noa te utu, ā, he ngāwari ki te kitea.
– He ngāwari te tiaki, he maha ngā wāhanga e tāpirihia ana.
– He pai mō te tukunga nui i te pane iti ki te pane waenga.
Te korenga:
– He iti te kaha momi (he whai hua te nuinga ki te 6–8 mita, kei runga i ngā āhuatanga).
– Kāore i te tino whai hua mō ngā upoko tino teitei.
He pai tēnei momo papu mō ngā māra raihi, mō ngā māra rānei e hiahia ana kia nui te rerenga wai engari kāore i te tino teitei.
2) Papu ruku (papu ruku)
Ka mahi ngā papu ruku mā te ruku ki roto i te wai, e whakamahia ana mō ngā puna keri, ngā puna hohonu rānei. Nā te mea kua rukuhia, kāore e hiahiatia he tukanga whakatō pērā i ngā papu mata.
Te taikaha:
– He pai mō ngā puna hohonu; ka taea te pana i te wai mai i te hohonu.
– He pūmau ake nā te mea kāore e pāngia e ngā raruraru o te ngaronga o te momi.
– He marino te nuinga.
Te korenga:
– Te teitei ake o ngā utu tīmatanga.
– He uaua ake te tāutanga me te whakatika, me te hiahia ki te whakahaere i ngā taura me ngā paipa poutū.
– Me whai hiko, he whakaputa hiko rānei e tika ana.
Ko ngā papu ruku te kōwhiringa matua ina ahu mai te puna wai i tētahi puna hohonu e kore e taea te whakamahi i tētahi papu momi noa.
3) Papu hau
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā papu jet mō ngā puna pāpaku ki te rahi waenga. He momo jet puna pāpaku me te momo jet puna hōhonu (e whakamahi ana i ngā ejector).
Te taikaha:
– He pai mō ngā puna kāore i te hohonu rawa.
– He tino ngāwari te tāuta mō ngā pūnaha whare iti tae atu ki te whakamakuku tauine iti.
Te korenga:
– He iti iho te whai huatanga i te wai ruku.
– Me whakakī te wai, ā, ka tere te ngaro o te wai mēnā he turuturu.
He pai ngā papu jet mō ngā māra iti e hiahia ana ki te puna wai pumau mai i tētahi puna pāpaku.
4) Ngā papu rere tuaka me ngā papu rere whakaranu (papu poroporo)
He rite ngā papu rere axial ki ngā poroporo, ā, he tino pai mō ngā tukunga wai nui rawa atu me ngā teitei iti (hei tauira, te wai e rere ana mai i te awa ki te awa whakamakuku).
Te taikaha:
– He nui te rerenga wai, he pai mō te whakamakuku i ngā wāhi nunui.
– Ka taea te whai hua o te whakapaunga pūngao mō ia rōrahi wai i ngā āhuatanga iti o te upoko.
Te korenga:
– Kāore i te pai mō ngā paipa pēhanga teitei, ngā paipa tawhiti rānei.
– E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakaurunga pumau ake.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei papu i roto i ngā kaupapa whakamakuku i runga i te rōpū kaimahi pāmu, i te tauine rohe rānei.
5) Papu whakakaha mō te pītiti me te maturuturu
Mena kei te whakamahia ngā pūwero wai, ngā pūwero maturuturu rānei i roto i te pūnaha whakamakuku, ko te mea nui ehara i te mea he rere pumau anake, engari he pēhanga pumau anō hoki. I ētahi wā, ka whakamahia he papu pēhanga motuhake, he papu toia rānei hei whakakaha.
Te taikaha:
– Kia mau tonu te pēhanga kia ōrite te tohatoha o te wai.
– He whai hua mō te whakamakuku e penapena ana i te wai pērā i te maturuturu.
Te korenga:
– Me whai tataunga pēhanga tika ake.
– He mea nui te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha tātari (ina koa mō ngā turuturu wai) hei ārai i te aukati i te putanga wai.
Ngā kōwhiringa pūnaha hiko: penehīni, tīhiera, hiko rānei?
Mīhini penehīni
He pai mō te tauine iti, waenga, he tere te nekeneke, ā, kāore e roa te whakamahinga i te rā.
– Ngā Painga: māmā, ngāwari ki te whakamārama, ngāwari ki te tiaki.
– Ngā huakore: ka nui ake te whakapaunga wahie i te tīhiera i raro i ngā kawenga taimaha; ka poto ake te roa o te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi taumaha tonu.
Mīhini tīhiera
He whiringa rongonui mō te whakamakuku i te mara nā te kaha o te taipana me te pai o te penapena wahie mō te mahi roa.
– Ngā Painga: he kaha mō ngā mahi taumaha, he ohanga mō te whakamahinga roa, he roa ake te mau.
– Ngā ngoikoretanga: he taumaha ake, he haruru ake, he nui ake ngā utu tīmatanga me ngā utu ratonga.
Mōta hiko
He pai mō ngā wāhi he pumau te urunga hiko. He mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā papu ruku me ngā whakaurunga pumau.
– Ngā Painga: he iti te utu mō te whakahaere, he iti noa te tiaki, he iti te haruru.
– Ngā Huakore: Kei te wātea te hiko; ki te whakamahi i te miihini whakaputa hiko, ka piki ake pea ngā utu.
Te whakatau i te rahi o te papu: kaua e titiro noa ki ngā "inihi"
I te mara, he maha ngā wā ka tīpakohia ngā papu i runga i te rahi o ngā paipa (hei tauira, 2-inihi, 3-inihi, 4-inihi). Heoi, ko te rahi inihi anake e tohu ana i te whānui o te putanga, ehara i te tere rere, i te upoko rānei. E rua ngā papu 3-inihi ka rerekē te mahi.
Ko te mea nui kia arohia ko te pihi o te papu: te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tere rere me te upoko. Mō te whakamakuku, whiriwhiria he papu e mahi tata ana ki tōna pūwāhi pai rawa atu (BEP) hei whakaiti i te para me te wera nui.
Hei tirohanga whānui:
– He nui te whenua papatahi me te awaawa tata, ā, he iti te pari e takoto ana.
– Me teitei ake ngā taupoki o te whenua papatahi, ngā paipa roa, ngā pīrere tauhiuhi rānei.
– Ka roa ake te paipa, ka iti ake hoki te whānui o te paipa, ka nui ake te mate pēhanga.
Ngā āhuatanga o te mara e warewarehia ana
1. Te kounga o te wai me te paru. Ka taea e te wai paru o te awa te whakatere i te pakaru o te impeller me te hiri. Whakamahia he tātari, ā, whakaarohia he papu "ātete paru" ake.
2. Te whakapūkara me ngā turuturu. Me whakapūkara ngā papu mata; mā te turuturu iti i roto i te hononga momi ka ārai i te papu ki te pupuhi wai.
3. Te wātea o ngā wāhanga tāpui. He haumaru ake ngā waitohu e wātea ana i te rohe nā te mea he ngāwari te tiki i ngā wāhanga tāpui.
4. Haumarutanga me te tahae. Me whai pūnaha haumarutanga ngā papu kawe nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka nekehia, ā, ka ngaro pea.
5. Te utu katoa (TCO). Kaua e whakaarohia te utu hoko anake. Whakaarohia te wahie/hiko, te hinu, te ratonga, me te roa o te ora.
Ngā tūtohutanga kōwhiringa i runga i ngā horopaki
– He awa/awa tata, he whenua papatahi, me nui te rerenga wai: he papu tohanga kawe, he rere axial rānei (mō te tauine nui).
– Ngā puna hohonu: he papu ruku wai me te mōta hiko, te whakaputa hiko rānei e tika ana.
– Ngā puna pāpaku mō ngā māra iti: he papu jet, he papu toritipu iti rānei, i runga i te tere rere.
– Whakamakuku pītiti/whakatōtō: papu pēhanga/whakakaha me ngā tātaitanga pai mō te upoko me te tātari.
– Te roa o te mahi i ia rā, me te kore hiko: he nui ake te ohanga o ngā miihini tīhiera i te wā roa.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi papu whakamakuku he rapu noa i te kōwhiringa "nui rawa" me te "iti rawa"; engari ko te whakataurite i te papu ki te tere rere, te pane, te pūtake wai, me ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha tohatoha. He pai ngā papu pūwero mō te whakawhiti wai whānui, he pai ake ngā papu ruku mō ngā puna hohonu, ko ngā pūnaha tauhiuhi me ngā pūnaha maturuturu me whakamahi i ngā papu pēhanga pumau. Hei tāpiri, whiriwhiria he motuka (penehīni, tīhiera, hiko rānei) i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te mara me ngā utu whakahaere. Mā ngā tatau tika, ka pai ake te mahi a te papu, ka tohatoha ōrite te wai, ā, ka pai ake ngā hua ahuwhenua.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi putanga hangarau ake me tētahi tauira tatau pane-tukunga māmā i runga i te horahanga whenua, te momo tipu, me te roa o te paipa i whakamahia.
