Te Whirihora i ngā Mīhini Mariko i runga i te Rorohiko
Pengantar
I tēnei ao matihiko haere tonu, he mea nui te mahi a te hangarau mariko ki te whakapiki i te whai huatanga me te ngāwari o te whakahaere hanganga hangarau mōhiohio. Ko tētahi whakamahinga rongonui o tēnei hangarau ko te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini mariko (VM). Mā ngā VM ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakahaere i ngā pūnaha whakahaere maha i te wā kotahi i runga i te taputapu tinana kotahi, ka whakaratohia he painga nui mō te whakamātautau pūmanawa, te whakawhanake tono, me te wehewehe i te taiao mahi. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whirihora i ngā mīhini mariko i runga i te rorohiko, mai i ngā ariā taketake ki ngā aratohu mahi.
Te Mārama ki ngā Mīhini Mariko
He mīhini mariko te mīhini e whakarato ana i tētahi taiao rorohiko hei whakahaere i ngā pūnaha whakahaere me ngā tono, pērā i te rorohiko tūturu. Ka tutukihia tēnei marikotanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūmanawa e mōhiotia ana ko te hypervisor. E rua ngā momo o ngā hypervisor:
1. Momo 1 Hypervisor (Kore-Metal): Ka rere tika i runga i te taputapu me te kore he pūnaha whakahaere manaaki. Ko ētahi tauira ko VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, me Xen.
2. Momo 2 Hypervisor (Manaaki): Ka rere i runga i te pūnaha whakahaere manaaki pērā i tētahi taupānga noa. Hei tauira, ko VMware Workstation, Oracle VM VirtualBox, me Microsoft Virtual PC.
Kātahi ka whakahaerehia e tēnei mīhini mariko tētahi pūnaha whakahaere manuhiri, he rerekē pea tēnei i te pūnaha whakahaere manaaki. Hei tauira, ka taea e koe te whakahaere i a Ubuntu Linux hei manuhiri i runga i a Windows hei manaaki.
Te Whakarite i mua i te Whirihoranga
I mua i te tīmatanga o te whirihoranga VM, whakaarohia ētahi whakaritenga nui:
1. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Taputapu: Kia pai ai te whakahaere i tētahi VM, me whai whakaritenga rawaka tō rorohiko, inā koa te RAM me te kaha o te CPU. I te iti rawa, me whai tukatuka tō rorohiko e tautoko ana i ngā hangarau mariko pēnei i a Intel VT-x, AMD-V rānei.
2. Wāhi Rokiroki: Me nui te wāhi rokiroki e hiahiatia ana mō te marikotanga hei penapena i ngā kōnae whakaahua kōpae o te pūnaha whakahaere manuhiri.
3. Pūmanawa Hypervisor: Kōwhiria te pūmanawa hypervisor i runga i ō hiahia me te hototahi ki tō pūrere me te pūnaha whakahaere manaaki. Ko ētahi o ngā kōwhiringa rongonui ko:
– VMware Workstation Player, Pro rānei.
– Oracle VM VirtualBox.
– Microsoft Hyper-V.
4. Pāpāho Tāutanga: Whakaritea he kōnae ISO o te pūnaha whakahaere e hiahia ana koe ki te tāuta ki te mīhini mariko, whakamahia rānei he pāpāho tūturu pēnei i te CD/DVD.
Ngā Hipanga Whirihoranga Mīhini Mariko
Kia arotahi tātou ki te whirihoranga mā te whakamahi i te Oracle VM VirtualBox, tētahi o ngā pūmanawa hypervisor rongonui e wātea ana mō te kore utu.
1. Te Tāuta i te Oracle VM VirtualBox
1. Tikiake i te VirtualBox mai i te paetukutuku mana ([VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/)).
2. Whakahaerehia te tāutanga ka whai i ngā tohutohu e whakaaturia ana. He tino māmā te tukanga tāutanga, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he whirihoranga uaua.
2. Waihangahia he Mīhini Mariko Hou
1. Whakatuwheratia te VirtualBox ka pāwhiri i te "Hou".
2. Ingoa me te Pūnaha Whakahaere:
– Hoatu he ingoa mō tō VM.
– Tīpakohia te momo pūnaha whakahaere me te putanga e tika ana. Hei tauira, “Linux” me “Ubuntu (64-bit)”.
3. Te Tohatoha Mahara:
– Whakatauhia te nui o te RAM ka whakamahia e te VM. E taunakihia ana kia kaua e iti iho i te 2048 MB (2 GB) te rahi mō tētahi pūnaha whakahaere hou.
4. Te Waihanga i tētahi Kōpae Mariko:
– Tīpakohia “Waihangahia he kōpae mārō mariko inaianei”.
– Tīpakohia he hōputu kōpae mai i ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana. Ko te "VDI (Whakaahua Kōpae VirtualBox)" te tikanga e tīpakohia ana mō te whakamahinga whānui.
– Whakatauhia te rahi o te kōpae mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha hihiri, mā te whakamahi i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana.
3. Whirihoranga Mīhini Mariko
Kia oti te hanga i te VM, kua tae ki te wā ki te whirihora atu:
1. Pūnaha:
– I te ripa “Papahoahoa” ka taea e koe te whirihora i te raupapa whakaara, te tohatoha RAM, me te maramara.
– I te ripa “Tukatuka”, whakatikatikahia te maha o ngā CPU e hiahia ana koe ki te tohatoha. Mā te tāpiri atu i ngā matua ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi a te VM.
– I te ripa “Whakaterenga”, kia tino whakahohea te āhuatanga mariko taputapu (VT-x, AMD-V rānei) mō te mahi tino pai.
2. Mata (Whakaaturanga):
– Whakatikatikahia te tohatoha Mahara Ataata. Whakanuia te nui mēnā e hiahia ana koe kia pai ake te whakahaere o te VM me ngā whakairoiro.
3. Te rokiroki:
– Tāpirihia te kōnae ISO o te pūnaha whakahaere ki te pūmana IDE. Pāwhiritia te ata kōpae i raro i te “Mana Whakahaere: IDE”, tīpakohia “Kōwhiria te Kōnae Kōpae Whatu Mariko”, kātahi ka tīpako i te kōnae ISO.
4. Whatunga:
– He maha ngā kōwhiringa urutau whatunga. He rawaka te "NAT" mō te nuinga o ngā tono, engari ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i te "Bridged Adapter" mēnā e hiahiatia ana e te VM te wāhitau IP ōrite ki te whatunga manaaki.
5. Ngā Taputapu USB:
– Ka taea e koe te whakahohe i te Kaiwhakahaere USB mēnā kei te hiahia koe ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu USB i roto i te VM.
4. Te Tāuta i te Pūnaha Whakahaere Manuhiri
1. Kia oti te whirihoranga, pāwhiritia te "Tīmata" hei tīmata i te VM.
2. Ka tīmata te VM mai i te ISO kua tāpirihia. Whāia ngā tohutohu kei runga i te mata hei tāuta i te pūnaha whakahaere manuhiri.
3. Kia oti te tāutanga me te whakaara anō, kua rite te pūnaha whakahaere manuhiri ki te whakamahi.
Arotau me te Whakatau Rapanga
Whai muri i te whirihoranga taketake, he maha atu ngā mahi ka taea te mahi hei whakapai ake:
1. Ngā Tāpiri Manuhiri:
– Mā te tāuta i ngā Tāpiri Manuhiri ki te pūnaha whakahaere manuhiri ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te mahi whakairoiro me te taumira mata, ka tautoko i te tiritiri papatopenga, me te tiritiri kōpaki i waenga i te kaihautū me te manuhiri.
2. Whakaahua Poto:
– Whakamahia te āhuatanga hopu whakaahua hei tiaki i te āhua o nāianei o te VM. He tino whai hua tēnei hei pūwāhi whakaora mēnā he whirihoranga hē, he rahunga rānei o te pūnaha.
3. Te Whakahaere Rauemi:
– Whakaritea te tohatoha rauemi (RAM, CPU) kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te taupānga hei whakahaere i roto i te VM.
4. Whirihoranga Whatunga:
– Whakatūria ētahi atu whirihoranga whatunga pēnei i te Port Forwarding mēnā me uru atu ki te VM mai i tētahi whatunga o waho.
Whakamutunga
He taahiraa rautaki te whirihora i tētahi mīhini mariko i runga i tō rorohiko hei whakamahi pai i ngā rauemi ā-tinana o nāianei. Mā te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua me ngā mahi whaihua kua whakarārangihia i runga ake nei, ka taea e koe te whakarite i tētahi taiao rorohiko ngāwari, motuhake hoki mō ngā momo hiahia. Ahakoa mō te whakawhanake, te whakamātautau, te whakamātautau noa rānei, he taputapu kaha ngā VM i roto i te ao hangarau hou. I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga o te hangarau mariko, ka tipu haere te pūmanawa me ngā painga ka taea e tātou te hauhake i te heke mai.
