Te Tātaritanga Wera o ngā Mīhini Tahunga ā-Roto
He mea nui te tātari wera o ngā miihini mura ā-roto (ICE) hei mārama ki te hurihanga o te pūngao matū o te wahie hei pūngao miihini, me te tohatoha, te whakamahinga, me te ngaronga o te wera i roto i tēnei tukanga. Ka mahi ngā miihini mura ā-roto—ahakoa i roto i ngā waka, i ngā miihini whakaputa hiko, i ngā tono ahumahi rānei—i raro i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei, nō reira ka tino pāngia te mahi, te whai huatanga, ngā tukunga, me te pono o ngā wāhanga e ō rātou āhuatanga wera. Mā te tātari wera, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te arotau i te hoahoa rūma mura, ngā rautaki whakamatao, te kōwhiringa rauemi, me te whakahaere tukunga.
1. Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Pūngao me te Wera i roto i ngā Mīhini
Ko te tikanga, ka hurihia e te miihini mura ā-roto te pūngao matū o te wahie hei wera mā te tauhohenga mura. Ka whakanuia e tēnei wera te pūngao ā-roto o te hau i roto i te rango, ka puta he pēhanga e pana ana i te piston (mō te miihini tauutuutu) e taraiwa ana rānei i te tāpine (mō te miihini tāpine hau). Heoi, kāore te wera katoa e hurihia hei mahi whai hua. Ko te nuinga ka ngaro mā:
1. Te hau putanga (ngā ngaronga o te hau putanga): Ka haria te pūngao wera me te hau putanga.
2. Pūnaha whakamatao (ngā ngaronga o te whakamatao): Ka mimitia te wera e ngā pakitara o te rango, te pane rango, me ētahi atu wāhanga, kātahi ka whakawhitia ki te whakamatao, ki te hau rānei.
3. Te irahiko o waho me te kawe hiko: Ka tukuna te wera ki te taiao mai i te mata o te mīhini.
4. Ngā ngaronga ā-mīhini: Ahakoa ehara i te mea he wera noa iho, ka puta te wera mai i te waku, ā, ka whakaitihia te mahi whai hua.
E ngana ana te tātari wera ki te waihanga i tētahi taurite pūngao: ko tēhea wāhanga o te pūngao o te wahie ka huri hei mana parai, ko tēhea te nui e ngaro ana ki te wai whakamatao, ko tēhea te nui e ngaro ana hei hau putanga, me te nui e ngaro ana mā roto i ētahi atu tikanga.
2. Te Huringa Termodynamic Pai me te Huringa Tūturu
Hei mārama ki te whanonga wera o te miihini, ka whakamahia pinepine te tauira huringa pai:
– Te pahikara Otto mō ngā miihini penehīni (whakakā mura).
– Te huringa tīhiera mō ngā miihini tīhiera (whakakā i te kōpeketanga).
– He huinga o ngā āhuatanga o Otto me Diesel te Huringa Takirua.
– Brayton mō ngā tāpine hau.
Ko te huringa tino pai e whakaaro ana he tukanga whakahurihuri me te mura tonu, kāore he wera e ngaro, kāore hoki he waku. Heoi, i roto i ngā miihini tūturu, he nui ngā rerekētanga, hei tauira:
– He roa te wā e pau ana ki te tahunga (te tahunga tere mutunga kore).
– He mea tino nui te whakawhiti wera ki ngā pakitara o te rango.
– He turuturu hau kei tua atu i ngā mowhiti piston (he turuturu hau kei tua atu i ngā mowhiti piston).
– Ka puta he ngaronga o te papu i te tukanga momi me te whakaputanga.
– Ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga wera o ngā hau i runga i te pāmahana.
Nō reira, me whakatika te tātaritanga wera o ngā miihini tūturu—mā ngā huarahi whakamātautau, mā ngā tauira 1D/3D, mā ngā raraunga whakamātautau rānei.
3. Te Whakawhiti Wera i roto i te Porotaka
E toru ngā tikanga e puta ai te whakawhiti wera mai i ngā hau mura ki ngā pakitara o te rango: te kawe wera, te whakawhiti wera, me te irahiko. I roto i te ICE, ko te whakawhiti wera te mea tino kaha, nā te mea ka tere ake te whakawhiti wera e te rere pōrearea i roto i te ruma mura.
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki te whakawhiti wera:
– Te pāmahana hau me te pāmahana pakitara: Ka nui ake te rerekētanga pāmahana, ka nui ake te tere o te whakawhiti wera.
– Te Ārai: Ka pāngia e te hoahoa o te putanga, te āhua o te piston, te awhiowhio, te takahurihuri, me te tere o te miihini.
– Te pēhanga me te mātotoru o te hau: Ka piki ake i te wā e pēhia ana, e tahuna ana hoki, ka piki ake te tauwehenga whakawhiti wera.
– Te ōwehenga kōpeketanga: I te nuinga o te wā ka whakanui ake i te pai o te wera, engari ka whakanui ake hoki i te pāmahana tihi kia piki ake ai te kawenga wera ki runga i ngā wāhanga.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tauira whakawhiti wera i roto i te rango ngā hononga ā-wheako, pērā i a Woschni, i a Hohenberg rānei, hei whakatau tata i te tauwehenga kawe wera i runga i ngā taurangi whakahaere o te miihini.
4. Tātaritanga Pāmahana o ngā Wāhanga Hira
Ka pāngia ngā wāhanga mīhini e ngā pikinga pāmahana teitei me ngā huringa wera maha, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te ngenge wera, te whakarerekētanga āhua, te rahunga rānei o ngā rauemi. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko:
– Pītona: Ka whiwhi te karauna pītona i te wera tika mai i te tahunga. Ka tutuki te whakamatao mā roto i ngā pupuhi hinu, ngā taiwhanga whakamatao pītona, me te hoahoa rauemi.
– Pane rango me ngā takirere: Ko ngā takirere putanga hau me te rohe huri noa i ō rātou nohoanga ka whiwhi i ngā kawenga wera nui rawa atu mai i ngā hau wera. He mea nui ngā rauemi ātete wera me te whakamatao whai hua.
– Raina rango: Me whakamarara te wera me te pupuri tonu i te hinu whakahinuhinu me te whakaiti i te hē.
– Pūwhakarewa turbo (mēnā kei te wātea): Ka mahi te tāpine i ngā pāmahana hau putanga teitei; me whai whakaaro ki te whakamatao me te whiriwhiri i ngā koranu ātete-wera.
Ko te tātari pāmahana wāhanga e whakamahi ana i ngā whakatauira kawe hiko (hei tauira, te tātari huānga mutunga kore/FEA) me ngā rohe kawe hiko hau me te whakamatao. Ko te whāinga kia noho te pāmahana mōrahi i raro i ngā rohe o te rauemi, kia whakaitihia hoki te ahotea wera.
5. Pūnaha Whakamatao me te Whakahaere Wera
Nā te mea he nui te wera me tango hei ārai i te wera nui o te mīhini, ka noho te pūnaha whakamatao hei wāhanga matua o te tātaritanga wera. Ka whakamahia e ngā mīhini hou:
– He whakamatao wai (he uhi wai) me te radiator, te papu whakamatao, te thermostat, me te hau.
– Te whakamatao hau i roto i ētahi mīhini (ngā mīhini iti, ētahi mīhini motopaika).
He taupatupatu nui: ka whakaitihia te pāmahana o te mīhini ina nui rawa te whakamatao, ā, ka whakaitihia te pai o te wera nā te mea he nui ake te wera e ngaro ana ki te wai whakamatao. I tetahi atu taha, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te patuki (i roto i te penehīni), te mura i mua i te mura, te pirau o te hinu, me te kino o ngā wāhanga.
Ko ngā ariā whakahaere wera hou e ngana ana ki te pupuri i te pāmahana tino pai o te mīhini: he teitei te pāmahana mō te whai huatanga me ngā tukunga, engari he iti te pāmahana mō te pono. Kei roto i ngā rautaki:
– Papu whakamatao rerekē.
– Te whakamahana hiko.
– Te whakamatao kua whakaritea mō ngā wāhi tino nui.
– Te whakahaere rere o te EGR (whakahokinga hau hau) hei whakaiti i te pāmahana tahunga me te NOx.
6. Te Whai Hua o te Wera me te Taurite Pūngao
Ko te whai huatanga wera o te miihini ko te ōwehenga noa iho o te mahi kupenga ki te pūngao e whakaurua mai ana e te wahie. I roto i ngā waka, ka whakaatuhia penei:
– Te whai huatanga o te wera kua tohua: i runga i te mahi i roto i te rango.
– Te whai huatanga o te wera o te parai: i runga i te mana kei te pou putanga.
E whakaatu ana te taurite pūngao noa mō te mīhini tuku iho, tata ki te 25–40% noa iho o te pūngao o te wahie ka hurihia hei mana whakamahi, ko te toenga ka ngaro mā te putanga hau me te whakamatao. I roto i ngā mīhini tīhiera hangarau teitei hou, ka nui ake te whai huatanga, engari kei te mau tonu ngā herenga taketake nā te thermodynamics (hei tauira, te rohe Carnot pai) me ngā herenga mahi (te tahunga, te waku, ngā tukunga, me te roa o te rauemi).
Ko ngā mahi hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wera ko:
– Whakanuia te ōwehenga kōpeketanga (me ngā rohe patuki/tahu rerekē).
– Whakaitihia te ngaronga wera mā roto i ngā paninga wera (ngā paninga ārai wera).
– Te whakamahi i te pūngao hau putanga mā te turbocharging, te turbocompounding, te whakaora wera para rānei (hei tauira, te huringa Rankine).
– Te arotau i te wā tahunga, te AFR (ōwehenga hau-wahie), me te rautaki werohanga.
7. Te Hononga i waenga i te Tātaritanga Wera me ngā Tukunga
He nui te pānga o te pāmahana tahunga ki te hanganga o ngā tukunga:
– Ka piki te NOx i ngā pāmahana tino tiketike, me te nui o te hāora.
– Ka piki ake te CO me te HC mēnā kāore i tino tahuna, he iti rawa rānei te pāmahana.
– Ka pāngia ngā matūriki (ngā pungarehu), inā koa i roto i te hinu tīhiera, e te ranunga ā-rohe me te pāmahana.
Nō reira, kāore e taea te wehewehe i te tātaritanga wera mai i ngā rautaki whakahaere tukunga. Hei tauira, ka whakaitihia e te EGR ngā pāmahana tihi, ā, ka pehi i te NOx, engari ka taea te whakanui ake i te pungarehu mena kāore i te taurite mā te whakaranu tika me te waikura.
8. Ngā Tikanga Tātari: Ngā Whakamātautau me ngā Whakatauira
Ka whakahaerehia te tātaritanga wera mā te whakakotahitanga o:
1. Whakamātautau miihini
Inehia te pāmahana o te whakamatao, te hinu, te hau putanga, me ngā wāhanga (mā te whakamahi i ngā takirua wera, ngā kāmera IR, ngā pūoko motuhake rānei). He mea nui ēnei raraunga mō te whakamana i te tauira.
2. Whakatauira 1D (whakatauira huringa miihini)
He tauira mō ngā tukanga i roto i te rango, ngā rere whakauru/whakaputa hau, me te tahunga ā-ao. He tere mō te aromatawai i ngā tawhā mahi me ngā taurite wera.
3. Rūma tahunga CFD 3D
Ka tirotirohia ngā taipitopito o te aueue, te whakaranu, te mura, me te tohatoha pāmahana. He tino whai hua mō te arotau i te hoahoa o te rūma mura me te werohanga.
4. FEA hanganga-wera
Tātaihia te tohatoha pāmahana me te ahotea wera i runga i ngā wāhanga, inā koa ngā piston, ngā pane rango, ngā manifold, me ngā turbocharger.
Mā te whakaurunga o ēnei tikanga ka hua ake he hoahoa whai hua, pono hoki.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te tātari wera o ngā miihini mura ā-roto ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga, me te whakarite i te pono o ngā wāhanga i roto i ngā taiao mahi pāmahana teitei. Mā te mārama ki te whakawhiti wera i roto i te rango, ngā toenga pūngao, me te whakahaere whakamatao, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te whakatau hoahoa whai whakaaro ake - mai i te āhua me ngā rauemi o te rūma mura ki ngā pūnaha whakamatao me ngā mana whakahaere miihini. Ko ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau whakaata (CFD/FEA) me ngā pūoko ine kei te whakarei ake i ngā kaha tātari, ka taea ai te arotau tere me te tika ake hei whakatutuki i ngā tono ture whai huatanga pūngao me ngā tukunga o ēnei rā.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia mārama ake ai (me ngā whārite taketake, ngā tohutoro, me ngā wāhanga iti o te tikanga tātai) kia tika ake rānei mō ngā kaupapa mahi/tuhinga rangahau.
