Me pēhea te whakatau i te aratau raraunga
I roto i ngā tatauranga taketake, ko te aratau tētahi inenga o te ia matua, me te toharite me te tau waenga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te aratau nā te mea he ngāwari ki te mārama, he tere hoki te tatau, inā koa ka hiahia tātou ki te kimi i te uara e puta pinepine ana i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ka taea te whakamahi i te ariā o te aratau hei whakatau i te rahi o ngā kākahu e hokona pinepine ana, te momo waka e whakamahia pinepine ana, te kaute whakamātautau teitei rawa atu, tae atu ki te hua tino rongonui. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te taipitopito me pēhea te whakatau i te aratau mō ngā momo raraunga: raraunga takitahi, raraunga rōpū, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake pēnei i ngā raraunga rua-ara me ngā raraunga maha-ara.
Aratau Mārama
Ko te aratau te uara raraunga he nui ake te auau, arā, he nui ake te auau o te puta mai i ngā uara kē atu. He pai te aratau mō ngā raraunga tau (tau) me ngā raraunga kounga (kāwai), pērā i ngā tae tino pai, ngā momo kai rānei e tino whiriwhiria ana.
Tauira māmā:
Raraunga: 2, 3, 3, 4, 5
Ko te uara e puta pinepine ana ko te 3 (e puta rua ana), nō reira ko te aratau = 3.
Heoi, kāore he aratau o ngā raraunga katoa. Ko ētahi raraunga he rite tonu te puta o ngā uara katoa, nō reira kāore he aratau. Hei tāpiri, he maha atu i te kotahi te aratau o ētahi raraunga.
Ngā Momo Aratau
I mua i te urunga atu ki ngā mahi tatau, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā aratau:
1. Unimodal: kotahi anake te uara e puta pinepine ana (aratau kotahi).
2. Bimodal: e rua ngā uara e puta pinepine ana i ngā wā e rua.
3. Maha-ara: he nui atu i te rua ngā uara e puta pinepine ana.
4. Kāore he aratau: ka puta katoa ngā uara me te auau ōrite.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei momo aratau ka āwhina i a tātou ki te whakamārama tika ake i ngā raraunga.
Me pēhea te whakatau i te aratau o ngā raraunga takitahi
Ko ngā raraunga takitahi he raraunga kua tuhia kia rite ki tōna āhua, kāore i whakarōpūhia ki ngā wā. He tino māmā ngā mahi hei kimi i te aratau o ngā raraunga takitahi:
Ngā Hipanga:
1. Whakaritea ngā raraunga (kāore e hiahiatia) mai i te iti ki te rahi kia māmā ake ai te tirotiro.
2. Tatauhia te auau o te putanga mai o ia uara.
3. Whakatauhia te uara me te auautanga nui rawa hei aratau.
Tauira:
Ngā raraunga kaute whakamātautau: 70, 80, 75, 80, 90, 80, 85, 75
Auautanga:
– 70: 1 ngā wā
– 75: 2 ngā wā
– 80: 3 ngā wā
– 85: 1 ngā wā
– 90: 1 ngā wā
Nā te mea ko te 80 te mea e puta pinepine ana (3 ngā wā), ko te aratau = 80.
Tauira rua-ara:
Raraunga: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
Ko ngā auau 2 me te 3 ngā mea teitei rawa (2 ngā wā), nō reira ko te aratau = 2 me te 3 (rua-ara).
Tauira Kore Aratau:
Raraunga: 5, 6, 7, 8
Kotahi te putanga mai o ngā uara katoa. Nō reira, kāore he aratau o ngā raraunga.
Me pēhea te whakatau i te aratau i roto i ngā raraunga rōpū
I roto i te mahi, he nui ngā raraunga ka whakarapopototia ki ngā raraunga rōpū hei ripanga tohatoha auau, arā, ko ngā raraunga kua rōpūhia ki ngā wā akomanga (hei tauira, 60–69, 70–79, me ētahi atu). I roto i ngā raraunga rōpū, kāore e taea te tango tika i te aratau mai i tētahi tau motuhake, engari ka whakatauhia mā te akomanga aratau, ā, ka taea te whakatau tata mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātai.
1. Whakatauhia te Akomanga Aratau
Ko te akomanga aratau te wā akomanga me te auautanga nui rawa atu.
Tauira ripanga:
| Wā Uara | Auautanga |
|—|—:|
| 40–49 | 3 |
| 50–59 | 6 |
| 60–69 | 10 |
| 70–79 | 8 |
| 80–89 | 5 |
Ko te auau teitei rawa ko te 10 i te wā 60–69, nō reira ko te akomanga aratau = 60–69.
2. Te Tātai i te Aratau mā te Tātai Raraunga Rōpū
Ko te tātai mō te aratau o ngā raraunga rōpū e whakamahia ana:
\[
Mo = L + \left(\frac{d_1}{d_1 + d_2}\right)\times p
\]
Ngā Mōhiohio:
– Mo = aratau (uara aratau whakatau tata)
– L = te taha raro o te akomanga aratau
– p = te roa o te akomanga (te whānui o te wā)
– d₁ = auau o te akomanga aratau − auau o te akomanga o mua
– d₂ = auau o te akomanga aratau − auau o te akomanga e whai ake nei
Tauira Tātaitanga:
Mai i te ripanga o mua:
– Aratau akomanga: 60–69, auau = 10
– Akomanga o mua: 50–59, auau = 6
– Akomanga e whai ake nei: 70–79, auau = 8
Tautuhia ngā wāhanga:
– L = te rohenga o raro o te akomanga aratau = 59,5 (nā te mea ko te rohenga o raro ko 60, ko te rohenga o raro = 59,5)
– p = 10
– d₁ = 10 − 6 = 4
– d₂ = 10 − 8 = 2
Tomo ki roto i te tātai:
\[
Mo = 59,5 + \left(\frac{4}{4+2}\right)\times 10
\]
\[
Mo = 59,5 + \left(\frac{4}{6}\right)\times 10
\]
\[
Mo = 59,5 + 6,67 = 66,17
\]
Nō reira, ko te aratau o ngā raraunga kua whakarōpūtia ko ≈ 66,17. He whakatau tata tēnei mō te uara aratau i te wā 60–69.
Ngā Hapa Noa i te Kimi Aratau
Ahakoa te āhua māmā o te aratau, he maha ngā hapa e puta pinepine ana:
1. Me kī kei te noho tonu te aratau
Heoi anō, kāore pea i roto i ngā raraunga ngā uara e puta pinepine ana.
2. Kāore i te tino tatau i te auau
I roto i ngā raraunga takitahi, mā te he o te tatau i te auau ka puta he aratau hē.
3. Te whakatau hē i te akomanga aratau
I roto i ngā raraunga rōpū, me waiho te akomanga aratau hei mea he nui rawa te auautanga.
4. I whakatau hētia te taha raro me te roa o te akomanga
I roto i te tātai aratau raraunga rōpū, ehara te rohenga o raro (L) i te rohenga o raro noa, engari ko te rohenga o raro o te akomanga (hei tauira, 59,5 mō te akomanga 60–69).
Āhea te Aratau e tika ake ai te whakamahi?
He tino whai hua te aratau ina:
– Ngā raraunga kei roto i te āhua o ngā kāwai (hei tauira, waitohu, tae, momo taonga).
– E hiahia ana mātou ki te mōhio ki ngā kōwhiringa tino rongonui.
– He nui rawa ngā uara o ngā raraunga, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakapēkē i te toharite.
– Kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha raraunga, ā, kāore i te tino rite te tau waenga/toharite.
Hei tauira, mēnā he tino nui te whiwhinga moni a te 10 tāngata, ka "panahia" pea te toharite ki runga. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e te aratau te whakarato i te pikitia whānui rawa atu o te whiwhinga moni.
Te Katinga
Ko te whakatau i te aratau raraunga he pūkenga tatauranga taketake e whai hua ana mō te tātari māmā me te whakatau kaupapa. Mō ngā huinga raraunga takitahi, ka kitea te aratau mā te titiro ki te uara e puta pinepine ana. Mō ngā huinga raraunga rōpū, ka whakatauhia te aratau mai i te akomanga me te auau teitei rawa atu, ā, ka taea te tatau mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātai hei whiwhi i tētahi whakatau tata tika ake. Mā te mārama ki ngā mahi, ka taea e koe te tukatuka tere ake i ngā raraunga me te whakatau i ngā mōhiohio nui mai i tētahi huinga raraunga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te hanga tauira pātai whakaharatau me ngā kōrerorero (raraunga takitahi me ngā raraunga rōpū) kia pai ake ai tō mārama ki te whakatau i te aratau.
