Ngā Momo Tipu me ngā Kararehe o te Moana Hōhonu: Te Tūhura i te Rohe Whakamutunga o te Ao
Ko te moana hohonu tētahi o ngā rohe whakamutunga o te Ao, he ao ngaro e tohuhia ana e te pōuri, te pēhanga nui, me te pāmahana hukapapa. Heoi, ahakoa ēnei āhuatanga tino kino, ka tupu te ora i roto i te ahua o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe ahurei me te whakamīharo. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo rauropi moana hohonu, me te tūhura i te āhua o tā rātou urutau me te tupu i roto i tētahi taiao kino.
Ngā Tipu Moana Hōhonu
1. Ngā tipu rākau
Ahakoa te nuinga o ngā phytoplankton e noho ana i ngā wai mata e whiti ana te rā, ka kitea ētahi i ngā paparanga hohonu ake. He moroiti rawa rātou, ā, koinei te pūtake o te whatunga kai moana. I roto i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā ia rerekē te kawe i ēnei kaihanga tuatahi ki ngā wai hohonu ake. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā diatom me ngā dinoflagellates te mea tino kitea, e whai wāhi ana ki te hua whānui o ngā pūnaha rauropi moana hohonu ake.
2. Whāriki Rimu
Ko ngā whāriki rimurimu moana hohonu, ko te nuinga he huakita chemosynthetic, ka tupu pai i roto i ngā rohe hau waiariki. Ka whakamahia e ēnei huakita ngā matū e tukuna ana e ngā hau hei whakaputa pūngao, ka waiho hei kaihanga matua nui i roto i ngā rohe abyssal. Ko ēnei whāriki te tautoko taketake mō tētahi hapori ahurei o ngā rauropi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te chemosynthesis kaua ki te photosynthesis.
3. Ngā Ākau Korara (Moana Hōhonu)
Kāore ngā korara moana hohonu, pērā i te Lophelia pertusa, e whakawhirinaki ki te rā. E noho ana rātou i ngā hohonutanga mai i te 200 mita ki te neke atu i te 2000 mita. He puhoi ake te tipu o ēnei korara, ā, ka taea e rātou te hanga i ngā pūnaha toka whānui hei nohoanga mō ngā momo mea ora o te moana. Nā te puhoi o te tipu, he tino ngoikore rātou ki ngā raruraru taiao.
Ngā Kararehe Moana Hōhonu
1. Ika
a. Ika-ā-iwi
Ko te ika hī ika pea te ika moana hohonu tino rongonui, e mōhiotia ana mō tā rātou maminga kanapa, e whakamahia ana e rātou hei kukume i ngā kai i roto i ngā wai pōuriuri. Ko te uwha te nuinga o te wā e mau ana i te pito e whakaputa ana i te mārama, ko te tāne ia e piri ana ki te uwha hei whakaputa uri, he tauira whakamiharo o te urutau ki te moana hohonu.
b. Tuna Kōura
E mōhiotia ana te tuna gulper, te tuna pelican rānei, mō tōna waha nui, ka taea e ia te horomi i te kai nui atu i a ia anō. He tino whai hua tēnei urutaunga i te moana hohonu, i te wā e kore e nui te kai. Ka taea e tōna kauae piko te wetewete hei horomi i te kai nui, he urutaunga whai hua i te taiao moana hohonu.
2. Ngā Cephalopod
a. Wheke Nui
Ko tētahi o ngā mea hanga tino ngaro, tino ngaro hoki o te moana hohonu, ka taea e te wheke nui (Architeuthis dux) te tipu ki te 43 putu te roa. He nui ō rātou kanohi, kei roto i ngā mea nui rawa atu o te ao kararehe, ā, mā ēnei ka taea e rātou te kite i te mārama ngoikore me te bioluminescence i ngā hohonutanga.
b. Wheke Wampira
Ko tēnei cephalopod, i tapaina mō ōna ringa mangu, whatuwhatu, e rite ana ki te koroka o te vampire, e noho ana i ngā rohe iti rawa o te hāora, kāore e taea e te nuinga o ngā kararehe te ora. Engari i te mangumangu, ka tukuna e ia he hūpē kanapa hei miharo i ngā kaipahua, he rautaki auaha mō te karo i te moana hohonu.
3. Ngā pāpaka
a. Isopoda Nui
He rite te isopod nui ki tētahi kutu rakau nui rawa, ā, e noho ana i ngā hohonutanga tae atu ki te 2,140 mita. Ka keri kai ia i te papa moana, ka kai i ngā tohorā mate, ngā ika, me ngā wheke. Ko tōna tinana he parepare hei tiaki i a ia mai i te pēhanga nui me ngā kaipahua pea.
b. Kōura Moana Hōhonu (Rimicaris exoculata)
He momo kōura tēnei, e kitea pinepine ana i ngā taha o ngā pūhau waiariki, ā, kei roto i ōna rūma pihanga ngā huakita e tukatuka ana i ngā matū e tukuna ana e ngā pūhau. Ka waruhia e te kōura ēnei huakita ka kainga, e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga tahi e tino hira ana mō te oranga i roto i ngā taiao tino kino.
4. Ngā mollusks
a. Ngā Kōpaka Moana Hōhonu
Ko ngā momo pēnei i te kūtai nui (Calyptogena magnifica) kua urutau ki ngā pūnaha rauropi waiariki. He huakita tauutuutu kei roto i ō rātou wahapū e āwhina ana i a rātou ki te tukatuka i ngā sulfide e tukuna ana e ngā haupū, tētahi atu tauira o te ora chemosynthetic.
b. Ngā Amphipod
Ka kitea ngā Amphipod, arā, he pāpaka iti e rite ana ki te kōura, i roto i ngā awaawa moana hōhonu. Ko ētahi momo, pērā i ērā o te puninga Hirondellea, kua urutau ki ngā pēhanga kuru o te rohe hadal mā te whakawhanake i ngā angaanga waho kaha, ātete.
5. Ngā Cnidarians
a. Te Tāwharau Moana Hōhonu
He mea whakamiharo ngā momo tio moana hohonu pērā i a Atolla, ā, he rite tonu ō rātou okana whakaputa mārama hei kukume i ngā kai me te ārai i ngā kaipahua. He rerekē anō hoki te urupare whakaoho a ngā tio Atolla, arā, ka tukuna he mārama kanapa, e kanapa ana ina tūpono mai te mate.
b. Ngā Anemone Moana
Ka piri ngā anemone moana hohonu ki ngā momo papa whenua, tae atu ki ngā toka korara me ngā pūaha waiariki. He pai te urutau o ō rātou kātene ki te hopu i ngā mea ora moana iti e rere ana i roto i ō rātou ringa, ka hanga he aho anō i roto i te whatunga matatini o ngā mea ora moana hohonu.
6. Ngā Echinoderms
a. Ngā kūkama moana
Ka kitea nuitia ēnei mea hanga rerekē i runga i te papa o te moana hohonu. Ka horomia e rātou te paru, ka tangohia ngā rauemi rauropi, ā, ka panaia te toenga. Ko te Holothuria scabra, he momo tino nui, he mea nui hei hangarua i ngā rauemi rauropi i roto i ēnei pūnaha rauropi.
b. Ngā Whetu Pakaru
He rerekē ngā whetū pakarukaru o te moana hohonu i ō rātou whanaunga wai pāpaku, ā, he iti noa iho te nekehanga o ēnei whetū pakarukaru, e penapena ana i te pūngao i roto i te taiao iti rawa ngā rauemi. He roa, he ngāwari hoki ō rātou ringa ka taea te kite i ngā wiri i roto i te wai, e āwhina ana i a rātou ki te kimi i ngā kai pērā i te plankton me ngā para.
7. Ngā noke Polychaete
a. Ngā Noke o Pompeii
Ko tētahi o ngā kararehe tino ātete ki te wera, ka noho ngā kutukutu Pompeii (Alvinella pompejana) ki ngā taiao tino wera o ngā pūaha waiariki. Ka noho tahi rātou me ngā huakita i runga i ō rātou kiri, ā, ka taea e ēnei te tiaki i a rātou mai i te wera me ētahi atu extremophiles motuhake ki ngā pūaha.
b. Riftia Pachyptila
E mōhiotia ana hoki ko ngā kutukutu ngongo nunui, he mea whakamiharo te Riftia pachyptila mō te korenga o te pūnaha nakunaku. Engari, kei roto i a rātou he huakita tauutuutu i roto i tētahi okana motuhake e kiia nei ko te trophosome. Ka whakapūmau ēnei huakita i te hauwai sulfide mai i te wai o te pūhau, ka whakarato i ngā matūkai ki te kutukutu.
Opaniraa
Ko te moana hohonu, e kiia ana he poka matao, he kore ora, kei te kī tonu i ngā momo ora kua taunga motuhake ki tō rātou taiao uaua. Mai i te wheke nui ngaro me te tiēre bioluminescent ki ngā huakita chemosynthetic e tautoko ana i ngā pūnaha rauropi hydrothermal, ko ngā tipu me ngā kararehe o te moana hohonu e whakaatu ana i ngā urutaunga whakamiharo e āhei ai rātou ki te ora i te wāhi e kore e taea e ētahi atu. I a tātou e haere tonu ana ki te tūhura i tēnei rohe whakamutunga, tera pea ka hurahia e tātou ētahi atu momo ora whakamiharo, e whakaatu ana i te kaha me te urutau o te ora i runga i te Ao.
