Te Āhuatanga o El Niño me tōna Pānga ki te Moana
Ko El Niño, he kupu e mōhiotia ana e ngā tohunga moana me ngā kaipūtaiao āhuarangi katoa, tētahi o ngā āhuatanga taiao nui rawa atu e pā ana ki te āhuarangi o te ao me ngā pūnaha moana. Ko El Niño, te reo Pāniora mō "Te Tamaiti Iti" me "Te Tamaiti Karaiti" rānei, i tapaina e ngā kaihao ika o Peru i kite i ngā wai mahana i te wā Kirihimete. He whānui ōna pānga, e pā ana ki ngā tauira huarere, ngā pūnaha rauropi moana, me ngā mahi a te tangata. He mea nui te mārama ki a El Niño hei matapae me te whakaiti i ōna pānga ki te moana me ngā pūnaha āhuarangi o te ao.
Te Mārama ki a El Niño
Ko El Niño te wāhanga mahana o te huringa El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), kei roto hoki he wāhanga mātao e mōhiotia ana ko La Niña. Ko te ENSO he kupu pūtaiao e whakaahua ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā pāmahana o te mata o te moana me ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi puta noa i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa pārūrū. I te tīmatanga o El Niño, ka pāngia te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa o waenganui me te rawhiti o te equator e pāngia ana e ngā pāmahana o te mata o te moana e mahana ake ana i te toharite. Ko ēnei rerekētanga pāmahana e peia ana e ngā hau hokohoko ngoikore me ngā huringa o ngā ia moana.
Ka roa pea te huringa noa o ngā āhuatanga o El Niño mō ētahi marama ki ētahi tau, mai i ia rua ki te whitu tau. Ka aroturukihia e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā tohu maha pērā i te pāmahana o te mata o te moana, ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga o te āhuarangi, me ngā tauira hau hei matapae i te whanaketanga me te roanga o ngā āhuatanga o El Niño.
Ko nga Hangahanga kei muri El Niño
I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka pupuhi ngā hau hokohoko mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru puta noa i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ka panaia ngā wai mata mahana ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia me Ahitereiria. Nā tēnei nekehanga o te wai ka hua ake he pupū ake, arā, ko ngā wai matao, whai matūkai, ka piki ake ki te mata i te takutai uru o Amerika ki te Tonga, ka whakatairanga i te kanorau koiora moana me te whai hua o ngā hī ika.
I te wā o El Niño, heoi, ka ngoikore, ka huri rānei te ahunga o ēnei hau hokohoko. Ka hua ake tēnei i te kohikohinga o te wai mahana i waenganui me te rawhiti o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ka aukati i te pikinga ake o te wai. Ko te pikinga ake o te pāmahana o te mata o te moana ka tīmata i tētahi tauhohenga mekameka, ka whakararuraru i ngā tauira huarere me ngā āhuatanga moana i te rohe me te ao whānui.
Pānga ki te Moana
1. Ngā Āhuatanga Āhuakore o te Pāmahana o te Mata Moana
Ko tētahi o ngā pānga tino tika o El Niño ki te moana ko te pikinga nui o te pāmahana o te mata o te moana i waenganui me te rawhiti o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ka taea e te pikinga o te pāmahana te neke atu i te maha o ngā nekehanga Celsius i runga ake i te toharite, ka pā kino ki ngā pūnaha rauropi moana. Ko ngā toka korara, he tino pāngia e ngā huringa pāmahana, ka pāngia e ngā huihuinga mā i ngā wā kaha o El Niño. Ka puta te mā o te korara ina peia e ngā korara ngā rimurimu e noho tahi ana i roto i a rātou nā te ahotea mai i ngā wai mahana, ka heke te tere tipu me te nui ake o te mate.
2. Te Whakawhitiwhiti o te Moana
Ka whakararuraru a El Niño i ngā tauira rere noa o te moana, tae atu ki te pupū ake o te wai. Ko te pehi i te pupū ake o te wai i ngā takutai o Peru me Ecuador ka hua ake he kore matūkai o ngā wai mata, ka pā kino ki ngā mahi hī ika o te rohe. Ko ngā momo ika e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wai whai matūkai hei whāngai, pērā i ngā anchovies me ngā sardines, ka heke te taupori. Ko ngā pānga whakaheke ko te whakaiti i ngā hopunga a ngā kaihao ika me te uauatanga ōhanga mō ngā hapori takutai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hī ika hei oranga matua.
3. Te Kanorau o te Moana
Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o ngā āhuatanga moana i te wā o El Niño te whakarerekē i te tohatoha me ngā tauira hekenga o ngā momo ika moana. Tērā pea ka akiakihia ngā momo ika e ngā wai mahana ki te heke ki ngā rohe matao, ka pā ki te kanorau koiora o te rohe. Hei tauira, ka neke pea ētahi momo ika ki te pou ki te rapu i ngā kāinga pai, ko ētahi atu momo ia ka pāngia e te iti o te nohoanga.
I ētahi wā, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga kua rerekē te whakauru mai i ngā momo urutomo ki ngā rohe hou, ka whakararuraru pea i ngā rauropi taketake. Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia te wā me te angitu o ngā huringa whakaputa uri me te whakaputa uri mō ngā momo rauropi moana.
4. Te Hua o te Moana
He hononga tata te hua o ngā pūnaha rauropi moana ki te wātea o ngā matūkai. Ko te pehitanga o te puea ake i te wā o ngā huihuinga El Niño ka hua ake ngā āhuatanga oligotrophic—he taiao he iti te kukū o ngā matūkai—i ngā rohe e pāngia ana. Ka hua ake tēnei i te hekenga o te hua tuatahi, inā koa ko te phytoplankton, koinei te pūtake o te whatunga kai moana. Ka pāngia pea te zooplankton, ngā ika ririki, me ngā kaipahua tihi pērā i te tuna me ngā manu moana.
Ngā Pānga o te Āhuarangi o te Ao
Ka horapa atu te pānga o El Niño ki tua atu o te moana, ka pā ki ngā tauira āhuarangi o te ao. Mā te whakarerekētanga o ngā tauira rere o te hau, inā koa te ngoikore, te hurihanga rānei o ngā hau hokohoko, ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā pūnaha huarere puta noa i te ao. Ko ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te āhuarangi e pā ana ki a El Niño ko:
1. Te Pikinga o te Ua i Ētahi Rohe: He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua o te takutai uru o Amerika ki te Tonga e te ua nui atu i te toharite, ka arahi ki ngā waipuke me ngā horo whenua. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā rohe pēnei i a Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti me Ahitereiria ka pāngia pea e ngā āhuatanga tauraki.
2. Ngā Mahi Āwhiowhio Kua Hurihia: Ka pā pea a El Niño ki te auau me te kaha o ngā āwhiowhio pārūrū. Hei tauira, tera pea ka iti ake ngā āwhiowhio i te wā awhiowhio o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, engari tera pea ka pāngia e ngā awha kaha ake i te rawhiti o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
3. Te Whakararuraru i ngā Uaua: Ka taea hoki e El Niño te whakararuraru i ngā tauira uaua, ka pā ki ngā rohe pēnei i a Īnia me Āwherika ki te tonga o te Sahara. He pānga nui tō ngā ua ua kua rerekē ki te ahuwhenua, ki ngā rauemi wai, me te haumarutanga kai.
Te Whakaiti me te Urutau
He mea nui te mārama me te whakaiti i ngā pānga o El Niño mō te tiaki i ngā pūnaha rauropi moana me te tiaki i ngā hapori tangata. Mā ngā tauira āhuarangi matatau me ngā whatunga tirotiro ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te kite i ngā tohu tōmua o te whanaketanga o El Niño, ā, ka taea ai te matapae tika ake.
Mā ngā mahi whakarite ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino. Ka taea e ngā hapori takutai te whakatinana i ngā pūnaha whakatūpato wawe me te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki urutau, pērā i te whakanui ake i ngā oranga me te whakapai ake i ngā mahi whakahaere wai. He mea nui hoki te mahi tahi a te ao, nā te mea he ao whānui ngā pānga o El Niño, ā, me whai mahi tahi hei whakatika i ngā pānga.
Opaniraa
He āhuatanga āhuarangi uaua, whai mana hoki a El Niño, he nui ōna pānga ki te moana me ngā pūnaha āhuarangi o te ao. Ko ōna pānga ki ngā pāmahana o te mata o te moana, te rere o te moana, te kanorau koiora o te moana, me te hua o te mahi e whakaatu ana i ngā hononga uaua i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi. He mea nui te rangahau me te aroturuki tonu kia mārama ai ki ngā āhuatanga o El Niño me te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whai hua hei whakaiti i ōna pānga. Mā te whakarei ake i tō tātou mōhiotanga me te whakarite, ka taea e tātou te whakatere pai ake i ngā wero e pā ana ki tēnei āhuatanga taiao, me te mahi ki ngā pūnaha moana me te tangata e kaha ake ana te pakari.
