Te Ariā X me te Ariā Y i roto i te Whakahaere
I te ao whakahaere, he nui te awe o te tirohanga a te kaiārahi ki ōna kaimahi i raro i a rātou ki tō rātou momo kaiārahi, ki ngā pūnaha mahi, tae atu ki te ahurea whakahaere. Ko tētahi o ngā anga rongonui e whakamārama ana i ēnei tirohanga rerekē ko te Ariā X me te Ariā Y, i whakaurua e Douglas McGregor i te tau 1960 i roto i tana pukapuka, The Human Side of Enterprise. He māmā noa te ariā matua engari he kaha: ka mahi ngā kaiwhakahaere i runga i ō rātou whakaaro mō te āhua tangata me te hihiri mahi. Mena he kino ngā whakaaro matua, ka kaha te whakahaere ki te aukati. Mena he pai ngā whakaaro matua, ka kaha te whakahaere ki te whakamana. Anei tētahi kōrero katoa, tae atu ki ngā pānga mahi mō ngā whakahaere o ēnei rā.
Te Papamuri o te Ariā X me te Ariā Y
I kite a McGregor he maha ngā whakahaere e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga whakahaere pakari, tino tirotiro rawa, me te mea nei kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kaimahi. I tētahi atu taha, i kite anō ia i ngā whakahaere whai wāhi nui ake, e hoatu ana ki ngā kaimahi he wāhi ki te whakawhanake me te whakatau kaupapa. Ko ēnei rerekētanga o te mahi, e ai ki tā McGregor, i ahu mai i ngā whakapono a ngā kaiwhakahaere mō te mangere o ngā kaimahi, me te hiahia kia akiakihia, me te mea rānei ka taea e rātou te whakahaere i a rātou anō me te kimi tikanga i roto i ā rātou mahi.
Ehara ngā ariā X me Y i te "whakamātautau tuakiri" mō ngā kaimahi, engari he mahere mō ngā whakaaro o ngā kaiwhakahaere. Ko te hua o ēnei whakaaro e rua he rerekē ngā hoahoa whakahaere: he hanganga hierarki me te mana whakahaere pakari, he hanganga papatahi rānei me te tuku mahi me te whakawhirinaki.
Ariā X: Ngā Whakaaro Kino mō ngā Kaimahi
E whakaahua ana te Ariā X i ngā tirohanga ruarua a ngā kaiwhakahaere mō te hihiri me te kawenga o ngā kaimahi. Ko ngā whakaaro matua o te Ariā X ko:
1. Kāore e pai ana ngā kaimahi ki te mahi, ā, ka karohia e rātou te mahi mēnā ka taea.
2. Me ārahi, me tirotiro, me akiaki hoki i ngā kaimahi ki te mahi kia tutuki ai ngā whāinga o te whakahaere.
3. He pai ake ki ngā kaimahi te haumaru i te kawenga, ā, he pai ake hoki ki a rātou te karo i ngā mōrearea.
4. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaimahi kāore i te whai wawata, ā, e pai ake ana kia whakahaua rātou i raro i te maru o te maru, kaua ki te arahina.
I runga i tēnei whakaaro, ko ngā momo whakahaere e puta ake ana ko:
– Te tirotiro pakari me ngā tikanga pakari
– Te whakatau kaupapa matua
– Te aro nui ki te whiu me ngā tūmomo whakawehi hei huarahi whiu
– He tino taipitopito ngā whāinga mahi me ngā mana whakahaere, he maha ngā wā kāore he wāhi hei matapaki
Ngā Painga o te Ariā X (i roto i ētahi horopaki)
Ahakoa te āhua "pakaru", kāore te huarahi Ariā X i te hē i ngā wā katoa. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka whai hua pea te Ariā X, hei tauira:
– He mahi noa iho te mahi, ā, he nui te mōrearea (hei tauira, te haumaru o te wheketere) nō reira me tino piri ki ngā paerewa
– Ngā āhuatanga raruraru e hiahia ana kia tere te whakatau
– Kāore anō kia matatau te tīma hou, nō reira me kaha tonu te arahi
Ngā ngoikoretanga o te Ariā X
Heoi, ki te whakamahia nuitia mō te wā roa, ka taea e te Ariā X te whakaputa ake i:
– He iti te hihiri mahi nā te mea kāore ngā kaimahi e whakawhirinakihia ana
– Ka āraia te auahatanga e te mana o ngā ture me te mana whakahaere
– Te nui o te hurihanga mahi (he ngāwari te rihaina o ngā kaimahi)
– He ahurea mahi e wehi ana kei hē, ā, kāore e whai whakaaro nui ki te mahi
Arā, ka taea e te Ariā X te waihanga i tētahi taiao mahi "e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga" engari kāore e tino "whakawhanake".
Ariā Y: Ngā Whakaaro Pai mō ngā Kaimahi
He rerekē, e titiro ana te Ariā Y ki te tangata hei tāngata takitahi e āhei ana ki te whai kawenga me te hihiri ā-roto. Ko ngā whakaaro matua o te Ariā Y ko:
1. He mea taiao te mahi, he rite tonu ki te tākaro, ki te okioki rānei, kei runga i ngā āhuatanga mahi.
2. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi te whakahaere me te whakahaere i a rātou anō mēnā ka ū tonu rātou ki te whāinga.
3. Ka puta te whakapau kaha ki ngā whāinga mēnā ka whiwhi ngā kaimahi i ngā utu e tika ana, tae atu ki te ngākau māhaki o roto, te whakamihi, me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whanaketanga.
4. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi te whakaae, tae noa ki te rapu kawenga, kaua e karo tonu i aua kawenga.
5. He whānui te auahatanga me te whakaoti rapanga puta noa i te whakahaere, ehara i te taumata whakahaere anake.
Ko ngā momo whakahaere e hangai ana ki te Ariā Y ka pā ki ēnei:
– Te whakawhirinaki ki te mana me te kaha
– Whakauruhia ngā kaimahi ki te whakatau kaupapa
– Whakarato i te mana motuhake, te ngāwari, me te wāhi mō te ako
– E aro nui ana ki te whakangungu, kaua ki te whakahaere noa iho
– Te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha utu tika, mārama hoki
Ngā Painga o te Ariā Y
Ki te whakamahia tika, ka taea e te Ariā Y te whakaputa:
– Te whakanui ake i te whai wāhitanga o ngā kaimahi
– He nui ake ngā whakaaro me ngā mahi auaha nā te mea ka maia ngā kaimahi ki te whakamātau
– Ka piki ake te mahi nā te mea e kite ana ngā kaimahi he kaupapa tā rātou
– He ahurea mahi hauora, he ahurea mahi tahi hoki
Ngā ngoikoretanga o te Ariā Y
Ahakoa te mea tino pai, kāore te Ariā Y i te kore he wero:
– Me whai kaimahi e tika ana te pūkenga mahi me te pakeketanga
– Me whai tukanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero auau me te whakarite whāinga
– Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi katoa e tika ana mō te mana motuhake teitei, inā koa ko ngā mahi tino paerewa.
– Ki te kore ngā kaiārahi e whakarato i te aronga mārama, ka huri te "herekoretanga" hei whakapoauau.
Nō reira, ka whai hua te Ariā Y ina hangaia hoki e te whakahaere he pūnaha pakari, he whakangungu, he kawenga hoki.
Te Whakataurite i te Ariā X me te Ariā Y
Ka kitea ngā rerekētanga tino kitea mai i ngā āhuatanga e toru: te hihiri, te mana whakahaere, me te tūranga o te kaiwhakahaere.
– Te Hihiri: E aro nui ana te Ariā X ki te hihiri o waho (whiu/utu), ko te Ariā Y ia e aro nui ana ki te hihiri o roto (te tikanga o te mahi, te whanaketanga o te tangata ake).
– Mana Whakahaere: E whakawhirinaki ana te Ariā X ki te mana whakahaere o waho (te tirotiro), e akiaki ana te Ariā Y i te mana whakahaere i a koe anō.
– Te tūranga o ngā kaiwhakahaere: I roto i te Ariā X, ka mahi ngā kaiwhakahaere hei kaitirotiro. I roto i te Ariā Y, ka mahi ngā kaiwhakahaere hei kaiāwhina me hei kaiako.
Engari he mea nui kia whakanuia: Ehara te Ariā X me te Ariā Y i te tapanga tuturu. He maha ngā kaiārahi kei waenganui i a rātou, ā, ka rerekē pea ō rātou tirohanga i runga i te āhuatanga.
Ngā Pānga ki te Whakahaere Hou
I roto i te wāhi mahi o ēnei rā—tae atu ki te mahi mamao, te mahi tahi a ngā rōpū mahi maha, me te hiahia mō te auahatanga—he maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia he mea nui ake te huarahi Ariā Y. Hei tauira, ko ngā kamupene hangarau, ngā pakihi hou, me ngā whakahaere e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga, e hiahia ana ki te auahatanga, te tere o te ako, me te whakatau kaupapa ā-rōpū. He uaua ēnei ki te whakatutuki ina he tino kaha te whakahaere i ngā mea katoa i roto i te momo Ariā X.
Engari kāore e taea e ngā whakahaere te tuku katoa i te mana whakahaere. Ko ngā tikanga whakahaere hou e whakauru ana i ēnei:
– Ngā whāinga mārama (OKR/KPI) hei pupuri i te ahunga whakamua
– Te mana motuhake o te whakatinanatanga kia taea ai e te tīma te whiriwhiri i te huarahi pai rawa atu hei whakatutuki i te whāinga
– Aromatawai me te urupare i ia wā hei whakarite i te kounga me te kawenga
– He ahurea hinengaro haumaru kia maia ai ngā kaimahi ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou whakaaro me ō rātou raruraru
I tēnei horopaki, ko te mea tino nui ko te taurite i waenga i te whakawhirinaki me te pūnaha.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakatinanatanga i te Wāhi Mahi
Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi tīma ratonga kiritaki:
– Huarahi Ariā X: Me tino whai i ngā tuhinga, me tino aroturukihia ngā waeatanga, ā, me whiu tonu ngā hapa. Ahakoa he pai, he ōrite hoki ngā hua, ka taea e ngā kaimahi te ahotea, ā, ka kitea e ngā kiritaki he pōturi te whakautu.
– Huarahi Ariā Y: Ka tukuna ngā aratohu whānui ki ngā kaimahi, ki te whakangungu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te mana motuhake hei whakatau i ngā take a te kiritaki. Ka taea te whakawhaiaro ake i ngā hua, ā, ka tere ake, ahakoa me whai whakangungu whānui me te aromatawai kounga.
I roto i ngā mahi morearea pēnei i ngā kaiwhakahaere mīhini taumaha:
– Tērā pea e hiahiatia ana ngā paerewa o te Ariā X, ngā SOP, me te tirotiro pakari hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā aituā. Heoi anō, ka taea tonu te whakauru i ngā wāhanga o te Ariā Y mā te whai wāhi a ngā kaimahi ki te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga me te ahurea haumaru.
Whakamutunga
Mā te Ariā X me te Ariā Y tātou e mārama ai ehara ngā momo whakahaere i te mea ko ngā tikanga anake, engari he mea ahu mai i ngā whakaaro mō te tangata. E whakapono ana te Ariā X me tino kaha te whakahaere a ngā kaimahi nā te mea ka karohia e rātou te mahi me te kawenga. E whakapono ana te Ariā Y he kaha kei ngā kaimahi ki te tipu, ki te kawe kawenga, me te hihiri mēnā ka whakawhiwhia ki te whakawhirinaki me te taiao mahi tika.
I roto i te mahi, ko ngā whakahaere whai hua kāore e whiriwhiri i tētahi o ngā mea tino kino. Ka whakamahia e rātou te tikanga whakahaere me ngā paerewa ina hiahiatia, engari ka hangaia tonutia he ahurea mahi e whakanui ana i te tangata, e whakarato ana i te mana motuhake, e akiaki ana hoki i te tipu. Mā te mārama ki te Ariā X me te Ariā Y, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te aromatawai i ā rātou momo kaiārahi, te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha mahi e tika ana, me te waihanga i ngā whakahaere ehara i te mea he hua anake engari he pumau hoki.
