Te Whakahaere Kounga Katoa i roto i te Ahumahi: He Huarahi Whakauru ki te Makona o te Kaihoko
Pendahuluan
I tēnei ao o te ao whānui me te whakataetae kaha haere, kua noho te kounga o ngā hua me ngā ratonga hei mea nui mō te angitu o tētahi kamupene. Kāore e ranea te tuku noa i tētahi hua pai; me whakapai ake ngā āhuatanga katoa o te tukanga whakaputa me te ratonga kia tutuki ai te makona o ngā kaihoko. I roto i tēnei horopaki, i puta te ariā o te Whakahaere Kounga Katoa (TQM) hei huarahi whakauru e aro nui ana ki te hua whakamutunga, ki te ratonga rānei, engari ki ia wāhanga o te tukanga hoki kia pai ai te kounga me te whai huatanga.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Whakahaere Kounga Katoa
Ko te Whakahaere Kounga Katoa (TQM) he rapunga whakaaro me te huinga mahi e whakamahia ana hei whakarite kia anga katoa ngā wāhanga o ngā mahi a te kamupene ki te kounga teitei. Kei roto ko te whakahaere i ngā mahi katoa a te whakahaere, mai i te hoahoa me te whakaputa ki te ratonga kiritaki. Ko te whāinga matua o te TQM he waihanga i tētahi ahurea e whakapono ana te katoa o te whakahaere he kawenga mō te kounga.
Ko te mea nui ki te TQM ko te whai wāhi katoa o ngā mema katoa o te whakahaere, mai i ngā kaimahi taumata teitei ki ngā kaimahi o te rohe. Ehara i te mea ko te tari kounga anake te kawenga mō te kounga engari ko ngā tari me ngā tāngata takitahi katoa. E kiia ana ia kaimahi he "kiritaki ā-roto" me manaaki pai kia taea ai e rātou te manaaki pai i ngā kiritaki o waho.
Ngā Mātāpono o te TQM
1. Te Arotahi ki te Kaihoko: Ko ngā mahi me ngā tukanga katoa e aro ana ki te whakatutuki me te hipa i ngā tumanakohanga a te kiritaki. Ehara i te mea ko te kounga o te hua anake te mea e pā ana ki tēnei, engari ko te ratonga me te wheako o te kiritaki anō hoki.
2. Te Whai Wāhi a ngā Kaimahi: Kei te whai wāhi ia kaimahi, mai i te taumata teitei ki te taumata iti, ki ngā mahi whakapai kounga. E akiakihia ana ngā kaimahi kia whai wāhi kaha, kia tuku whakaaro me ngā whakaaro mō te whakapainga.
3. Huarahi Tukanga: E titiro ana te TQM ki ia mahi hei wāhanga o tētahi tukanga e hono tahi ana. Mā ngā whakapainga tukanga ka hua ake he whakapainga kounga.
4. He Huarahi Pūnaha ki te Whakahaere: He mea nui te titiro ki te whakahaere hei pūnaha honohono. Mā te mārama ki te pānga o ngā huringa o tētahi wāhanga ki ētahi atu wāhanga ka taea te whakamahere rautaki whai hua ake.
5. Whakapai Tonu: He hihiri te TQM, e hiahia ana kia whakapai tonu i ngā huarahi katoa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei kei te rapu tonu ngā kamupene i ngā huarahi hei whakapai ake, ā, kāore rātou e makona ki te āhua o nāianei.
6. Te Whakatau i runga i ngā Meka: Ka whakatauhia ngā whakatau i runga i ngā raraunga me ngā mōhiotanga tika, ehara i te whakaaro noa, i te māramatanga noa rānei.
7. Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Tuwhera, Mārama hoki: Me whakarite kia rere pai ngā kōrero nui puta noa i te whakahaere kia mōhio ai te katoa ki ngā kōrero.
Te Whakatinanatanga o te TQM i roto i te Ahumahi
Ko te whakatinanatanga o te TQM me huri te ahurea me te hanganga o te whakahaere. Anei ngā mahi matua hei whakauru i te TQM ki roto i tētahi ahumahi:
1. Te Pūmautanga o te Kaiārahi: Me whakaatu e te kaiārahi te pūmautanga ki te TQM, i roto i te kupu me te mahi. Me noho te heamana me te kaiwhakahaere matua o te kamupene hei tauira me hei kaiārahi matua i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te TQM.
2. Whakangungu me te Mātauranga: He mea nui te whakangungu i ngā kaimahi katoa ki ngā ariā me ngā mahi TQM. Me mārama rātou ki tā rātou tūranga i roto i te pūnaha kounga katoa, me pēhea hoki e taea ai e rātou te whai wāhi atu.
3. Tīma Whakahaere Mana Whakahaere: Whakatūria he tīma hei tirotiro i ngā kaupapa whakapai ake me ngā kaupapa kounga. Me whakauru atu ki tēnei tīma ngā māngai mai i ngā tari rerekē hei whakarite i ngā tirohanga rerekē.
4. Te Mahere Tukanga: Ko te mārama me te mahere i ngā tukanga katoa i roto i te whakahaere te taahiraa tuatahi ki te tautuhi i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia whakapaitia.
5. Te Ine me te Tātari: Te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine kounga pēnei i te Statistical Process Control (SPC), Six Sigma, me ētahi atu hei tātari i te mahi me te whakatau i ngā wāhanga hei whakapai ake.
6. Te Whakawhanake i ngā Tikanga me ngā Paerewa: Te whakatū i ngā paerewa me ngā tikanga whakahaere pai rawa atu me whai e ngā kaimahi katoa. Me arotake, me whakahou anō hoki i ēnei paerewa i ia wā.
7. Aromatawai me te Urupare: Whakahaerehia ngā arotake kounga ā-wā, me te tuku urupare ki ngā kaimahi me ngā kaiwhakahaere hei pupuri me te whakapai ake i te kounga.
Rangahau Take Whakatinanatanga TQM
Hei hoatu i tētahi pikitia e tika ana, me titiro tātou me pēhea te whakatinanatanga angitu o te TQM e ētahi ahumahi.
Ahumahi Motuka: Toyota
Ko Toyota tētahi tauira o tētahi kamupene kua angitu te whakatinana i te TQM mā roto i tana huarahi, e mōhiotia ana ko te Pūnaha Whakaputa Toyota (TPS). Ko te arotahi a TPS ki te whakakore i ngā para me te whakapai ake i te kounga mā te ariā o Kaizen (whakapaipai tonu). Ka whai mana ia kaimahi i Toyota ki te whakamutu i te whakaputanga mēnā ka kitea he raruraru, me te kore e hiahiatia he whakaaetanga a te kaiwhakahaere. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakatika wawe i ngā raruraru, ka ārai i ngā hua hapa kia tae atu ki ngā kiritaki.
Ahumahi Hangarau: Motorola
Nā Motorola i ārahi te ariā o Six Sigma, he tikanga TQM e whakamahia ana hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā tukanga, ā, hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua. Ka whakamahia e Six Sigma tētahi huarahi e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga hei tautuhi me te whakakore i ngā hapa. Nā te angitu o Motorola ki te whakaiti i ngā wā huringa whakaputa me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua i whakatenatena i ētahi atu kamupene ki te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga.
Ahumahi Hanga: General Electric (GE)
I raro i te kaiārahi o Jack Welch, i whakamahia e General Electric te Six Sigma hei wāhanga o tana rautaki TQM. Nā te whakangungu whānui me te whakapau kaha, i taea e GE te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mahi me te whakatutuki i ngā penapena utu nui, me te pupuri tonu i ngā paerewa kounga teitei.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Whakatinanatanga o te TQM
Ahakoa ngā painga maha e tukuna ana e ia, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te TQM:
1. Te ātete ki te huringa: Ko ngā kaimahi me ngā kaiwhakahaere e taunga ana ki ngā tikanga mahi tawhito, tera pea ka whakaatu i te ātete ki ngā huringa e hiahiatia ana e te TQM.
2. Ngā utu tīmatanga: Ko te whakatinanatanga o te TQM he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he haumitanga tuatahi ki te whakangungu, ki ngā taputapu ine, me ngā huringa hanganga pea i roto i te whakahaere.
3. Te wā me te kaha: Me whai tukanga me te wā tonu te TQM, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore e kitea tonutia ngā hua i roto i te wā poto.
4. Te Ine me te Tātari Raraunga: Ko te kohikohi, te ine, me te tātari raraunga me whai pūnaha matatau me ngā pūkenga motuhake kāore i te katoa o ngā kamupene.
Whakamutunga
He huarahi whānui, he huarahi whakauru hoki te Whakahaere Kounga Katoa, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua me ngā ratonga ahumahi. Mā roto i ngā mātāpono taketake pēnei i te arotahi ki te kiritaki, te whai wāhi a ngā kaimahi, te whakapai tonu, me te whakatau kaupapa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, ka oati te TQM ehara i te mea ko te pai ake o te makona o te kiritaki engari ko te pai ake hoki o te mahi. Ahakoa ehara te whakatinanatanga o te TQM i te mahi ngāwari, kāore hoki he wero, ko ngā painga mō te wā roa e tukuna ana e ia ka waiho hei haumitanga whai hua mō tētahi kamupene e whai ana kia noho whakataetae tonu i te mākete o te ao.
