Hangarau Whakaora Konganuku mai i ngā Para Hiko
Pendahuluan
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te auahatanga matihiko, kei te piki haere tonu te maha o ngā taputapu hiko e whakamahia ana e te hapori. I roto i te wā, ka tawhito haere ēnei taputapu, ka noho hei para hiko (para hiko), ā, he nui ngā wero taiao. Kei roto i ngā para hiko ngā rauemi morearea maha, ki te kore e whakahaerea tika, ka taea te whakapoke i te taiao. Heoi anō, kei roto hoki i ngā para hiko ngā konganuku utu nui pērā i te koura, te hiriwa, te parahi, me te konukawata, ka taea te whakaora mā roto i ngā hangarau whakaora konganuku. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā hangarau me ngā tikanga rerekē e whakamahia ana mō te whakaora konganuku mai i ngā para hiko.
Te Hanganga o ngā Para Hiko
Ehara i te mea he kirihou me ētahi atu rauemi polymer anake ngā para-e, engari kei roto hoki i ēnei he maha ngā konganuku whai hua. Ko ngā wāhanga konganuku o ngā para-e ko:
– Ngā konganuku utu nui: koura (Au), hiriwa (Ag), me te konukawata (Pt).
– Ngā konganuku turanga: te parahi (Cu), te konumohe (Al), te tine (Sn), me te rino (Fe).
– Ngā konganuku paitini: te mercury (Hg), te mata (Pb), te cadmium (Cd), me te arsenic (As).
Ehara i te mea he mea nui te whakaora mai i te konganuku mai i ngā para hiko i te tirohanga ōhanga anake engari i te tirohanga taiao anō hoki, nā te mea mā te whakaora ka taea te whakaiti i te hiahia mō te keri tuatahi me te pānga ki te taiao.
Ngā Tikanga Whakaora Konganuku mai i ngā Para Hiko
He maha ngā hangarau me ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakaora i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko. Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga tino noa:
1. Tukanga Waiwhakarewa
Ko te hydrometallurgy he whakamahinga o ngā matū i roto i te otinga hei tango i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko. He maha ngā mahi o tēnei tikanga, tae atu ki:
– Te whakarewa: Ka whakamahia ētahi matū, pērā i te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa hauota rānei, hei whakarewa i ngā konganuku mai i ngā rauemi hiko.
– Te ua: Kia rewa ngā konganuku, ka wehea mai i te wairewa matū mā te ua, mā te whakatakotoranga rānei.
– Te Whakamahinga: Kātahi ka whakamahinetia te konganuku kua whakarewahia kia puta ai he hua he tino parakore.
Ko te painga o tēnei tukanga ko tōna kaha ki te whakahoki mai i ngā konganuku maha i roto i te tukanga kotahi. Heoi, ko tētahi o ngā wero matua o te hydrometallurgy ko te whakamahinga o ngā matū kino, e hiahia ana kia tika te whakahaere me te whakakorenga hei karo i ngā pānga kino ki te taiao.
2. Tukanga Pyrometallurgical
Ko te pyrometallurgy he whakamahi i ngā pāmahana teitei hei tango i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko. Ko ngā tauira o tēnei tikanga ko te whakarewa me te whakamahine. Ko ētahi o ngā mahi ko:
– Te whakarewa: Ka whakamahanahia ngā para hiko ki ngā pāmahana teitei kia rewa ai te konganuku, kia taea ai te wehe i ngā rauemi kore-konganuku e toe ana.
– Te Whakamahinga: Kātahi ka whakapaia anō te konganuku rewa i whiwhihia hei tango i ngā poke e toe ana.
He whai hua te pyrometallurgy ki te whakaora i ngā konganuku taketake pērā i te parahi, te rino, me te konumohe. Heoi, he nui rawa te whakapaunga pūngao e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei tikanga, ā, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā tukunga hau paitini pērā i te dioxins mēnā kāore e tika te whakahaere.
3. Te Tukanga Whakakore Koiora
Ko te bioleaching he whakamahinga o ngā moroiti hei tango i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko. Ka taea e ētahi huakita, pērā i te Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, te whakakōkī i ngā sulfides konganuku, kia taea ai te tango:
– Te werohanga: Ka tāpirihia ngā moroiti ki te mata o ngā para-e, ki roto rānei i tētahi otinga kei roto ko ngā para-e.
– Te whakarewa: Ka whakaputahia e ēnei moroiti he waikawa e whakarewa ana i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para-hiko.
Ko te painga o te tikanga biological leaching he pai mō te taiao nā te mea kāore e whakamahia he matū kino. Heoi, he puhoi ake te tukanga i ngā tikanga matū, wera rānei, ā, me rangahau anō kia pai ake ai te whakamahi.
4. Te hikohiko
Ko tēnei tikanga he whakamahi i te iahiko hiko tika hei whakarewa i ngā konganuku mai i ngā otinga matū. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tukanga i muri i te hydrometallurgy hei pure i ngā konganuku:
– Te Whakarewatanga Hiko: Ka rewa ngā katote konganuku i roto i te irahiko.
– Te Whakapūtanga Hiko: Kātahi ka whakatakotoria te konganuku ki runga i te katote hei paparanga totoka.
Mā te hikohiko ka taea te whakaora i ngā konganuku parakore teitei engari he nui ake te utu, he uaua hoki i ētahi atu tikanga.
Ngā Pānga me ngā Hua o te Whakaora Mai i te Para-E
Pānga ki te Taiao
He nui ngā pānga pai o te whakaora i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko ki te taiao. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko:
– Te Whakaiti i te Keritanga Tuatahi: Mā te hangarua i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko, ka whakaitihia te hiahia ki te keri konganuku hou, ka whakaitihia te whakangaromanga o ngā nohoanga me te parahanga i puta mai i te keri.
– Te Whakaiti i te Para: Te whakaiti i te nui o ngā para hiko e mutu ana ki ngā whenua ururua, ki ngā oumu rānei.
– Te Whakaiti i ngā Tukunga Waro: Ko ētahi o ngā tukanga whakaora whakarewa, inā koa ko ngā mea iti-pūngao pērā i te bioleaching, ka iti ake ngā tukunga waro i ngā tukanga keri me te whakamahine hou.
Ngā Painga Ōhanga
He nui anō ngā painga ōhanga o te whakaora i ngā konganuku mai i ngā para hiko. Kei roto i ēnei ko:
– Uara Ōhanga Teitei: Kei roto i ngā para hiko he konganuku utu nui, he nui hoki te uara ōhanga. He nui te uara tāpiri o ngā konganuku whakaora pērā i te koura me te konukawata.
– Te Waihanga Mahi: Ka taea e te umanga hangarua me te whakaora whakarewa te waihanga mahi hou i roto i te tukatuka, te rangahau me te whakahaere para.
– Te Whai Hua o ngā Rauemi: Mā te hangarua, ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā rauemi mata, ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, ka tautoko hoki i te pumau o ngā rauemi taiao.
Ngā Wero me ngā Huarahi
Ahakoa ōna painga maha, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakaora i te konganuku mai i ngā para hiko:
– Te Uaua o te Hoahoa Hua: He tino uaua ngā hoahoa o ngā taputapu hiko o ēnei rā, ā, he uaua ki te wehewehe i ngā wāhanga utu nui.
– Ngā Utu Hangarau: Ko ētahi hangarau whakaora e hiahia ana ki te haumitanga tuatahi me ngā utu whakahaere nui.
– Te Ture me te Tirotiro: Mā ngā rerekētanga o ngā ture me te kore o te tirotiro pakari ka ārai i te whakatinanatanga whānui me te whai hua o ngā hangarau whakaora whakarewa.
Heoi anō, mā ēnei wero ka puta he whai wāhitanga mō te auahatanga me te rangahau anō:
– Te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Hangarau Hou: Mā te rangahau me te whanaketanga tonu ka taea te whakaputa i ngā hangarau whai hua ake, ā, he pai ake hoki mō te taiao.
– Mātauranga me te Mōhiotanga: Mā te whakapiki ake i te mōhiotanga o te marea me ngā umanga ki te hiranga o te hangarua me te whakaora i ngā konganuku ka taea te whakatenatena i te whai wāhi whānui.
– Ngā Mahi Hononga ā-Iwi-Tūmataiti: Ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga me te rāngai tūmataiti te mahi tahi ki te whakawhanake i ngā hanganga me ngā kaupapa whakatenatena hei whakatenatena i te whakaora i te konganuku mai i ngā para hiko.
Whakamutunga
He taahiraa nui te hangarau whakaora konganuku mai i ngā para-hiko ki te whakatika i te raru e tipu haere ana o ngā para-hiko. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga pēnei i te hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, bioleaching, me te electrolysis, ka taea e tātou te whakaora i ngā konganuku utu nui me te tiaki i te taiao. Ahakoa ētahi wero e pā ana ki tēnei hangarau, me ngā mahi tahi me te rangahau tonu, he nui te tumanako mō te ōhanga porowhita me te oranga tonutanga o te taiao o te ao.
