Te Tukanga Hanga Konukōre mō ngā Whakapaipai
Ko te konukawata tētahi o ngā konganuku utu nui tino motuhake e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga whakapaipai. Ko tōna tae hiriwa māori he ātete ki te pirau, ā, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna ātete nui ki te waikura. Hei tāpiri, ko te matotoru o te konukawata he mea "taumaha" me te papai. Heoi, kei muri i tōna āhua huatau he tukanga roa, uaua hoki i mua i te hurihanga o te konukawata mai i te rauemi keri hei mowhiti, hei hei, hei whakakai rānei kounga teitei. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā wāhanga matua o te hanga konukawata mō ngā whakapaipai, mai i te keri ki te whakaotinga.
1. Te Pūtake o te Platinum me ōna Āhuatanga
He konganuku whakawhiti tino onge te Platinum (Pt) i roto i te kirinuku o te Ao. E kitea whānuitia ana i te taha o ētahi atu konganuku rōpū platinum (PGM), pērā i te palladium, te rhodium, te iridium, te ruthenium, me te osmium. He nui ngā putunga e kitea ana i Āwherika ki te Tonga, i Rūhia, me Kanata. Nā te onge, he nui rawa te nui o te konganuku e hiahiatia ana hei hanga platinum parakore. Nā tēnei ka nui tōna uara.
Nā tōna āhua, ko te pāmahana rewa o te konukawata he tata ki te 1.768°C—he teitei ake i te koura. He ngāwari hoki te whakapūmau (he ngāwari ki te whakapūmau) engari he kaha, he mea pai mō te whakatakoto i ngā kohatu utu nui pērā i te taimana. Kāore te konukawata e tere te waikura, ā, kāore hoki e waikura, he mea pai mō ngā whakapaipai o ia rā.
2. Wāhanga Keri: Te Tango i te Kore mai i te Ao
Ka tīmata te tukanga whakaputa konukōre ki te keri kōhatu. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tikanga keri ki ngā āhuatanga whenua o te putunga, ā, ka taea te keri tuwhera, te keri raro whenua rānei. He maha ngā maina konukōre nui e whakamahi ana i te keri raro whenua nā te mea kei roto ngā putunga i ngā paparanga toka motuhake.
Kātahi ka haria te toka kei roto te PGM ki tētahi whare tukatuka. He iti noa te nui o te konukawata o te konganuku, me keri nui kia eke ki ngā hua e tika ana. I tēnei wā, he mea nui te whai huatanga me te whakahaere pānga ki te taiao, nā te mea ka puta he para toka i ngā mahi keri, ā, me nui te whakapaunga pūngao.
3. Te Kuru me te Huri: Te Whakaiti i te Rahi o ngā Rauemi
Kia tae te konganuku ki te mira, ka kuruhia te toka kia ririki. Kātahi ka mirahia kia puta he matūriki angiangi. Ko te whāinga o tēnei wāhanga he wetewete i ngā konganuku utu nui i herea i roto i te hanganga toka i mua.
Mā ngā mīhini nunui pēnei i ngā mira pōro, ngā mira tokotoko rānei ka whakamahia te mira. Ko te rahi o te matūriki he mea angiangi ake, ko te tūponotanga ka wehea ngā kohuke konukawata i te wāhanga kukū e whai ake nei. Heoi, ko te huri rawa he mea angiangi ake, me nui ake te pūngao, ā, ka pā ki te pai o te wehenga, nō reira ka arotauhia e ngā mira te rahi e hiahiatia ana.
4. Te Whakakotahitanga mā te Whakamānu
Ko te wāhanga e whai ake nei ko te kukū, e wehewehe ana i ngā kohuke kei roto te konukawata mai i ngā poke. Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tino noa ko te whakapūngā (whakapūngā pahuka). Ka whakamahia e tēnei tukanga ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā kohuke: ka taea te "piri" i ētahi kohuke ki ngā mirumiru hau ka piki ake ki te mata, ko ētahi ka noho tonu ki raro i te wai.
I roto i te whakapūngao, ka konatunatua he paraoa konganuku (he ranunga o te konganuku pai me te wai) ki ngā matū motuhake, kātahi ka pupuhihia te hau. Ka hikihia ngā kohuke e hiahiatia ana me te pahuka, ka hanga he kukū PGM. Ko te hua o te whakapūngao he kukū he nui ake te ihirangi PGM i te konganuku taketake, ahakoa he tawhiti tonu i te parakore.
5. Te Whakarewa me te Whakamaene Tuatahi
Kātahi ka tukuna te PGM kukū ki tētahi tukanga whakarewa pāmahana teitei i roto i te oumu. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tukanga he wehe i te konganuku mai i te nuinga o ngā poke mā te hanga para. I roto i ngā mahi ahumahi, he maha ngā wāhanga o te whakarewa, tae atu ki te tukatuka hei whakaputa i te matte (he ranunga o ngā sulfide konganuku) he nui ngā PGM.
I muri i te whakarewatanga, ka mahia te hurihanga tuatahi me te whakamahine hei whakaiti i te nui o ngā huānga pēnei i te rino, te whanariki, me ētahi atu konganuku turanga. He tino hangarau tēnei wāhanga, ā, me tino aro turuki i te pāmahana me te hanganga matū. Ko te konukawata e whakaputaina ana i tēnei wāhanga ehara i te konganuku parakore, kua rite ki te whakamahi, engari he ranunga e hiahia ana kia wehea te matū.
6. Te Whakamahinga Matū: Te Wehewehe i te Platinum mai i ētahi atu PGM
Koinei tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino uaua: te whakamahine matū. Nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka kitea te konukawata me ētahi atu PGM, me whai tikanga wehewehe matū hei whiwhi i te konukawata parakore teitei.
Ko te tikanga whānui, ko te tukanga he whakarewa i te rauemi ki roto i tētahi otinga matū motuhake (hei tauira, te whakamahi i te aqua regia i raro i ētahi tikanga), ā, muri iho ka tohua te matū me te tango hei wehewehe i ngā huānga. He rerekē te whanonga matū o ia konganuku PGM, e āhei ai te wehenga maha-taahiraa. Kia wehea te konukawata, ka taea te whakahoki anō hei matū, kātahi ka whakapūkaratia, ka whakaitihia rānei hei konganuku.
Ko te mutunga iho he konukawata tino parakore (hei tauira, 99,95% neke atu rānei), e ai ki ngā paerewa ahumahi.
7. Te Hanga i ngā Konukōre Platinum mō ngā Whakapaipai
Kāore i te tino whakamahia te konukawata mō ngā whakapaipai i tōna āhua parakore 100%, nā te mea me whakakotahi te pakeke, te ātete ki te rakuraku, me te ngāwari ki te mahi i ngā whakapaipai. Nō reira, ko te konukawata te mea e whakamahia ana hei konukawata. Ko te paerewa noa ko te konukawata 950 (Pt950), arā, 95% te konukawata me te 5% ētahi atu konganuku pērā i te iridium, te ruthenium, te cobalt, te palladium rānei, i runga i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana.
He maha ngā āhuatanga nui ka pā ki te kōwhiringa o te koranu: te pakeke, te tae, te ngāwari o te whakarewa, me te kaha ki te pupuri i te kohatu utu nui. Ka whakarerekētia e ngā kaihanga whakapaipai te tauira koranu kia rite ki ngā hiahia hoahoa me ngā paerewa kounga.
8. Te Hanga Whakapaipai: Te Maka, te Hanganga rānei
E rua ngā huarahi matua mō te hanga whakapaipai konukawata:
1. Te Maka: Ka rewahia te konukawata, kātahi ka ringihia ki roto i te pokepokea ai, mā te whakamahi i te tikanga maka haumitanga. Nā te mea he tino teitei te pāmahana rewa o te konukawata, me tu atu ngā taputapu maka i ngā pāmahana tino wera, ā, me tino tika te whakahaere tukanga kia pai ai te āhua o te whakaotinga.
2. Hanganga (hanga ā-ringa/mīhini): Ka hangaia te konukawata mai i ngā pae, i ngā rau rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te hurihuri, te hanga, te tuhi, me te whakapiri motuhake. He rongonui tēnei tikanga mō ngā whakapaipai he nui ngā taipitopito hangarau me te kaha hanganga tino pai.
I tēnei wā, ka hangaia hoki e te tohunga toi, e te wheketere rānei ngā wāhanga pēnei i te kakau mowhiti (te wāhanga e karapoti ana i te mowhiti), ngā mātiti (ngā maikuku kōhatu), ngā tautuhinga motuhake rānei mō te kōhatu utu nui.
9. Whakaotinga Whakamutunga: Te Whakamahinga, Te Whakakanapa, me te Whakatakoto i te Kōhatu
Kia oti te āhua taketake o ngā whakapaipai, ka oti te whakaoti. Kei roto i te wāhanga whakaoti ko te kirikiri pai, te whakakanapa, me te tirotiro i te mata mō ngā hapa. E mōhiotia ana te konukawata "kāore e memeha pērā i te koura," engari ka taea e ia te whakawhanake i te patina (he kanapa ngawari) i roto i te wā. He tokomaha te hunga e pai ana ki te patina nā te mea ka tāpirihia he āhua, engari ka taea hoki te whakakanapa anō kia whakahokia mai tōna kanapa.
Mena he kohatu utu nui te mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā whakapaipai, ka whakatakotoria e te tohunga. Ko te konukawata te mea tino pai mō ngā whakapaipai taimana nā te mea he kaha, he pumau hoki tōna pupuri. Kia whakatakotoria ngā kohatu, ka tirotirohia te kounga o ngā whakapaipai, tae atu ki te paunatia, te tūnga o ngā kōhatu, te ōritetanga, me te whakamarie.
10. Te Māka i ngā Paerewa Ihirangi me te Kounga
Ko ngā whakapaipai konukawata kounga teitei ka tāia ki tētahi tohu pēnei i te "Pt950," "Plat950," "950 rānei." He mea nui tēnei tā hei whakamana i te tohu konukawata. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā kaihanga rongonui e piri ana ki ngā paerewa motuhake e pā ana ki ngā manawanui tohu, te ma o ngā rauemi, me ngā tikanga whakaputa.
I roto i te mākete whakapaipai, ko te māramatanga e pā ana ki te nui o te konukawata, te momo koranu, me te mahi toi he mea nui hei whakatau i te uara whakamutunga o tētahi hua.
Te Katinga
He tukanga roa te tukanga whakaputa konukawata mō ngā whakapaipai, e uru ana ki te keri, te kukū o ngā kohuke, te whakarewa, te purenga matū matatini, te whakakoi, me te hanga me te whakaoti tika. Ko te whakakotahitanga o te onge, ngā wero tukatuka, me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana pai rawa atu ka waiho te konukawata hei whiringa tino pai i roto i te ao whakapaipai. Ina mau koe i ngā whakapaipai konukawata, kei te mau koe i te hua o te hangarau whakarewa, te pūkenga toi, me te haerenga roa o te rauemi mai i te kirinuku o te whenua ki te tohu o te huatau.
