Ngā Lymphocytes me te Urupare Ārai Mate Motuhake
He mea nui te pūnaha ārai mate o te tangata hei tiaki i te hauora o te tinana mai i ngā tūmomo mate kino, tae atu ki ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, me ngā pirinoa. I roto i tēnei pūnaha ārai mate, he urupare ārai mate motuhake kei reira ngā pūtau toto toto, ā, he mahi nui tā ngā pūtau toto toto. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a ngā pūtau toto toto i roto i te urupare ārai mate motuhake, me pēhea hoki tā rātou whai wāhi ki ngā parenga o te tinana.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Pūnaha Ārai Mate Motuhake
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te pūnaha ārai mate: te pūnaha ārai mate kore-motuhake (ā-roto rānei) me te pūnaha ārai mate motuhake (ā-urunga rānei). Ko te pūnaha ārai mate kore-motuhake te urupare tuatahi ki ngā mate pāwera, engari kāore e kitea ngā mate pāwera motuhake. He rerekē, kua hangaia te pūnaha ārai mate motuhake hei kite me te maumahara ki ngā mate pāwera motuhake, kia pai ake ai te whai hua mō te wā roa.
Ko te urupare ārai mate motuhake e pā ana ki ētahi pūtau e mōhiotia ana ko ngā lymphocytes. Ko ngā lymphocytes he pūtau toto mā e tino hira ana mō te kite me te urupare ki ngā tūmomo riri motuhake. E rua ngā peka matua e mahi ai rātou: te ārai mate humoral me te ārai mate pūtau.
Ngā momo lymphocytes
Kua wehea ngā lymphocytes ki ētahi momo, he mahi motuhake tā ia momo:
1. Ngā Pūtau B (Ngā Pūtau B)
Ko ngā pūtau toto-B te kawenga mō te ārai mate humoral, arā, te whakaputa i ngā paturopi. Ka mōhio ngā pūtau-B ki ngā antigens mā roto i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi motuhake i runga i ō rātou mata. I muri i te mōhio ki tētahi antigen, ka taea e ngā pūtau-B te huri hei pūtau plasma, ka whakaputa i ngā paturopi motuhake ki taua antigen. Kātahi ka piri ngā paturopi ki ngā pathogens, ka tohu i a rātou mō te whakangaromanga e ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate, te whakakore rānei i te riri e puta mai ana i te pathogen.
2. Ngā pūtau toto T (Ngā pūtau T)
He mahi tā ngā pūtau toto-T ki te ārai mate pūtau, e whakangaro ana i ngā pūtau pangia, e āwhina ana hoki i ngā pūtau-B ki te whakaputa i ngā paturopi. He maha ngā momo pūtau-T:
– Ngā pūtau T āwhina (ngā pūtau T CD4+): Ka whakarite rātou i te urupare ārai mate mā te whakahohe i ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate. He mahi nui tā ngā pūtau T āwhina ki te whakarei ake i te mahi a ngā pūtau B me ngā macrophage.
– Ngā pūtau-T cytotoxic (ngā pūtau-T CD8+): He tohunga rātou ki te kite me te patu i ngā pūtau kua pangia e ngā huaketo, e ngā pūtau rānei kua huri hei pūtau matepukupuku.
3. Ngā pūtau-T whakahaere (T-regs)
He mea nui ēnei pūtau mō te pupuri i te taurite i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate mā te pehi i ngā urupare ārai mate nui rawa, ā, mā reira ka ārai i te kino o te kiko i puta mai i ngā urupare ārai mate kāore i te whakahaeretia.
Tikanga Urupare Ārai Mate Motuhake
Ko te wāhanga urupare ārai mate motuhake he maha ngā mahi kua taunga pai:
1. Te Mōhiotanga ki te Ārai Mate
Ka tīmata te tukanga ina tūtaki ngā pūtau pūtau B, T rānei ki ngā antigens motuhake e whakaatuhia ana e ngā pūtau pangia, ngā pūtau whakaatu antigen rānei pērā i ngā macrophages, ngā pūtau dendritic rānei, ā, ka kitea e rātou. Ko te antigen he ngota, he wāhanga rānei o te pathogen ka taea te whakaoho i te urupare ārai mate.
2. Whakahohenga me te Whakatipu
I muri i te mohiotanga ki te antigen, ka whakahohehia ngā pūtau B, ngā pūtau T rānei. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia tēnei whakahohenga e ngā tohu mai i ngā pūtau T āwhina e whakaputa ana i ngā cytokine—ngā ngota iti e whai pānga ana ki te whanonga o ētahi atu pūtau. Mā te whakahohenga ka puta te tipu tere o ēnei pūtau, te wehenga tere rānei o ngā pūtau, hei whakaputa i ētahi atu pūtau whai hua hei whawhai i te mate.
3. Te Urupare a te Kaiwhakamahi
Ka mahi ngā pūtau pānga i tā rātou mahi ki te whawhai i ngā mate. Ka whakaputa ngā pūtau-B i ngā paturopi e rere ana i roto i te toto me ētahi atu wai tinana hei whakakore i ngā mate. Ka patu tika ngā pūtau-T cytotoxic i ngā pūtau pangia. I taua wā, ka mahi ngā pūtau-T āwhina mā te tuku i ngā cytokine hei tautoko me te whakarei ake i te mahi a ngā pūtau-B me ngā pūtau-T pānga.
4. Te Hanganga o te Mahara Ārai Mate
Kia memeha te mate, ka wehewehe ētahi pūtau pūtau toto hei pūtau mahara. Ka roa ake te noho o ēnei pūtau mahara i roto i te tinana, ā, ka taea e te pūnaha ārai mate te urupare tere atu, kaha atu hoki ki tētahi atu mate nā taua mate anō.
Te Hiranga o ngā Lymphocytes ki te Hauora me te Mate
Ko te angitu o te whawhai ki te mate ka whakawhirinaki nui ki te whai huatanga o te urupare ārai mate motuhake. Ko ngā lymphocytes, me tō rātou kaha ki te kite me te maumahara ki ngā pathogens, ka whakarato i te tiakitanga roa mō te rauropi. I tetahi atu taha, ko te ngoikore o ngā lymphocytes, ka arahi pea ki ngā momo raruraru hauora, tae atu ki:
1. Te ngoikore o te ārai mate
Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga ina kore e whai hua te urupare ārai mate motuhake, nā te korenga, te kore mahi rānei o ngā pūtau lymphocytes. Ka taea e te ngoikore o te ārai mate te arahi ki te pikinga o te ngāwari ki te pangia.
2. Ngā Mate Pūnaha Ārai Mate
I roto i ngā mate pūnaha ārai mate, ka whakaeke hē te pūnaha ārai mate i ngā kiko o te tinana, ka uru pea ngā urupare kore tika mai i ngā pūtau toto T me B. Ko ngā tauira noa ko te lupus me te mate huka momo 1.
3. Mate pāwera
Ka puta te mate pāwera i te nui rawa o te urupare ārai mate ki tētahi pūmua kino kore (allergen). Ka whai wāhi ngā lymphocytes ki te whakarite i tēnei urupare mā te whakaputa i ngā paturopi me ngā cytokine e whakaoho ana i te mumura.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā pūtau toto toto, me tā rātou mahi nui i roto i ngā urupare ārai mate motuhake, he wāhanga matua o te pūnaha ārai mate o te tinana. Mā te mārama hohonu ake ki te mahi a ngā pūtau toto toto toto, ehara i te mea ka mārama noa ki te āhua o te whawhai a te tinana ki te mate, engari ka whakatakoto hoki i te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā maimoatanga hauora pai ake, pērā i ngā kano kano me ngā rongoā ārai mate mō ngā momo mate. Mā te whakawhanake tonu i tēnei mātauranga, e tumanakohia ana ka taea e tātou te whakapai ake i tō tātou kaha ki te rongoā me te ārai i ngā mate o muri mai.
