Ngā Tikanga Tohutohu e Hangai ana ki te Kōrero
Ko te kōrero tohutohu he huarahi tohutohu e titiro ana ki te oranga tangata hei raupapa kōrero. I roto i ēnei kōrero, ka hoatu e ngā tāngata takitahi he tikanga ki ngā wheako, ka hanga tuakiri, ka whakatau i ngā huarahi mahi ā muri ake nei. Ko ngā raruraru hinengaro, ngā pakanga whanaungatanga, me te pōhēhētanga tuakiri ka puta ake ehara i te mea nā ngā kaupapa i pā ki a rātou anake, engari nā te whakamārama a ngā tāngata takitahi i aua kaupapa. Ka āwhina te kōrero tohutohu i ngā kiritaki ki te "whakaaro anō" i ā rātou kōrero oranga: te wehe i a rātou anō i ngā raruraru, te kimi anō i ngā kaha, me te tuhi i ngā mea ka taea ā muri ake nei e hāngai ana ki ngā uara whaiaro.
He nui te awe o tēnei huarahi i te whakaaro o Michael White rāua ko David Epston, e whakanui ana i te kore pumau o te tuakiri engari ka hangaia tonutia mā te reo, te ahurea, me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. Nō reira, ka whakahē te kaupapa tohutohu kōrero i te whakaaro o ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro hei "tohunga" e tātaritanga ana, e whakatika ana hoki i ngā kiritaki. Engari, ka tū ngā kiritaki hei tohunga i roto i ō rātou ake oranga, ko ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ia e mahi ana hei hoa kōrero, e āwhina ana ki te hura i te tikanga, te whakawhānui i ngā tirohanga, me te kimi i ngā kōrero kē atu e whakamana ana.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Tohutohu Kōrero
He maha ngā mātāpono matua e wehewehe ana i te kaupapa tohutohu kōrero mai i ētahi atu huarahi. Tuatahi, ka tirohia motuhaketia te raruraru mai i te kiritaki. Ehara te kiritaki i "te tangata kei a ia te raruraru," engari ko tētahi e anga atu ana ki te raruraru. Ka ārai tēnei mātāpono i te tapanga, ā, ka waihanga wāhi mō te tumanako. Tuarua, ka hangaia e te reo te ao tūturu. Mā ngā kupu e whakamahia ana e te kiritaki hei whakaahua i a rātou anō ("He rahua ahau," "He mamae tonu ahau") ka taea te raka i te tuakiri ki roto i tētahi kōrero kino. Tuatoru, he kōrero rerekē tonu. Kei muri i te kōrero mana, tukino, he wheako iti tonu e whakaatu ana i te pūkenga, te maia, te uara rānei kua tiakina. Tuawhā, he mahi tahi, he pākiki hoki te kaupapa tohutohu kōrero: ka pātai te kaitohutohu hei mārama, ehara i te whakamātautau, hei whakahē rānei.
Ngā Whāinga o te Tohutohu e Hangai ana ki te Kōrero
Ko te whāinga matua o te kōrero tohutohu he āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te hanga i tētahi kōrero ora hauora ake, pono ake, e hangai ana ki tā rātou e whakapono ana he mea nui. I roto i ngā mahi tūturu, ko ēnei whāinga ka uru atu ki: te whakaiti i te nui o te hara, te whakama rānei, te whakanui ake i te mana whakahaere (te kaha ki te whiriwhiri me te mahi), te whakapakari i tētahi tuakiri pai, te whakapai ake i ngā whanaungatanga tangata, me te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o ngā rautaki whakatau. Mā te whakarerekē i te huarahi e kōrero ai ngā kiritaki mō rātou anō me ō rātou wheako, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia rātou e ngā huringa nui o te kare ā-roto me te whanonga.
Ngā Tikanga Matua i roto i te Tohutohu Kōrero
Ko ngā tikanga e whai ake nei e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te kaupapa kōrero whakataki. Ehara ēnei tikanga i te tikanga pakari, engari he taputapu ngāwari hei urutau ki ngā hiahia o te kiritaki.
1. Te Whakaputa i te Raru ki Waho
Ko te whakawātea i waho he tikanga hei wehewehe i te tuakiri o te kiritaki mai i tōna raruraru. Ka āwhina ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro i ngā kiritaki ki te tapa i te raruraru me te mea he mea o waho e pā ana ki tō rātou oranga. Hei tauira, hei utu mō te "He mangere ahau," ka kī pea rātou, "He maha ngā wā ka tae mai te whakaroa, ka whakararuraru i aku mahere." Mā tēnei, kāore ngā kiritaki e rongo kua pakaru engari ka rongo kua whai mana ki te ātete i te awe o te raruraru.
Ko ngā pātai mō te whakaputa i waho ko:
– Āhea te nuinga o te wā ka puta ake ngā raruraru?
– He aha ngā mahi tinihanga hei āwhina i a koe kia mutu?
– I roto i ēhea āhuatanga ka ngoikore te awe o te raruraru?
– Ko wai ka pāngia e tēnei raruraru?
He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō ngā raruraru pēnei i te manukanuka, te pouri, te waranga, te hiahia kia tino tika, te pakanga whānau rānei, nā te mea ka whakaiti i te whakama, ka whakatuwhera hoki i te wāhi mō te mahi.
2. Te Mahere i te Awe
Kia puta te raruraru ki waho, ka maherehia e te kaitohutohu te pānga o te raruraru ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga o te kiritaki, me te pānga o te kiritaki ki te raruraru. Mā tēnei mahere ka āwhina i te kiritaki kia kite i ngā tauira i hunaia i mua.
Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kaitohutohu te tūhura i:
– Te pānga o ngā raruraru ki te mahi, ki te ako, ki ngā whanaungatanga, ki te hauora, ki te wairuatanga.
– Te pānga o te raruraru ki te āhua o te aromatawai a te kiritaki i a ia anō.
– Ngā mahi a te kiritaki hei whakaiti i te pānga o te raruraru, ahakoa te iti.
Mā te mahere, ka taea e ngā kiritaki te tautuhi i ngā wāhi wawaotanga: ko ēhea ngā āhuatanga e whakaoho ana i ngā raruraru, me ēhea ngā mahi kua whakaatuhia hei whakaiti i te raruraru.
3. Tūhurahia ngā "Putanga Ahurei" (Ngā Takahanga Motuhake)
I roto i te kōrero matua, he maha ngā wā ka whakaaro ngā kiritaki kei te toa tonu ā rātou raruraru. Ka rapu te kaiārahi kōrero i ngā "hua ahurei" me ngā huihuinga tino rerekē—ngā wā kāore te raruraru e tino kaha, i te wā rānei ka angitu te mahi a te kiritaki i runga anō i ō rātou uara me ā rātou whāinga.
Hei tauira, ko te tangata e "manawa pōuri tonu ana" tera pea ka whai wā ia ki te kōrero i roto i ngā hui me te kore e mataku. Kātahi ka tūhuratia e te kaitohutohu:
– He aha te rerekētanga i taua wā?
– He aha ngā pūkenga/ngā whakatau i āwhina?
– He aha ngā uara e whaia ana e te kiritaki?
– He aha te tikanga o taua wā mō te tuakiri o te kiritaki?
Ko ngā putanga ahurei te rauemi mata mō te hanga i ngā kōrero rerekē kaha ake, whai tikanga ake hoki.
4. Te Tuhi Anō i te Pūrākau
Ko te tuhi anō i te kōrero ko te tukanga whakahou i te kōrero tuakiri: mai i te "Kāore au e kaha" ki te "Kei te ako au, ā, kua whakamātauhia taku pūkenga." Ka āwhina ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro i ngā kiritaki ki te hono i ngā putanga ahurei ki roto i tētahi kōrero e mārama ana: me te horopaki, ngā kōwhiringa, ngā uara, me te aronga.
I te wā e tuhi anō ana, ka pātai pinepine ngā kaitohutohu:
– Mehemea he pukapuka tōu oranga, he aha te ingoa o te upoko o mua, ā, he aha te ingoa o te upoko hou?
– He aha ngā uara e hiahia ana koe kia mau tonu ina pāngia koe e tēnei āhuatanga?
– Mehemea he putanga kaha ake o koe e kōrero ana, he aha tāna e kī ai?
Ehara i te mea ko te whakaaro pai anake te mahi tuhituhi anō. Me ahu mai te kōrero hou i ngā wheako tūturu, i ngā taunakitanga tūturu, ā, me hāngai ki te āhuatanga o te kiritaki kia pono ai.
5. Te Wetewete i te Kōrero Matua
Ko te wetewete i ngā whakaaro kua roa e kiia ana he "pono". He maha ngā kōrero kino e pāngia ana e ngā tikanga pāpori, te ahurea, te whānau, ngā wheako o mua rānei. Ka āwhina ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro i ngā kiritaki kia kite kāore ētahi "ture" i te tika, i te whai tikanga rānei i ngā wā katoa.
Hei tauira, ko te whakapono "me kaha tonu ngā mātāmua, kaua rawa e amuamu" ka waiho hei kawenga e whakapūmau ana i te ahotea. Mā te wetewete, ka taea e ngā kiritaki te pātai ki a rātou anō: nō hea tēnei whakapono? Ko wai ka whai hua mai i tēnei? Kei te tutuki tonu i aku hiahia i ēnei rā? Nō reira, ka wātea ngā kiritaki ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi tirohanga atawhai ake.
6. Ngā Pātai Tuakiri me ngā Uara
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiārahi kōrero ngā pātai whānui e whakaatu ana i te tuakiri, ngā whāinga, me ngā uara. Engari i te arotahi noa ki ngā tohumate, ka akiakihia ngā kiritaki e ngā kaiārahi ki te tautuhi i "ko wai ahau" me "he aha te mea nui ki ahau."
Ngā pātai tauira:
– Ina ora koe i tēnei wā, he aha tāu e tiaki nei, e whawhai nei rānei mōna?
– He aha ngā āhuatanga o roto i a koe e puta ake ana ina pāngia koe e ngā uauatanga?
– He aha te momo tangata e hiahia ana koe kia noho i roto i tēnei whanaungatanga?
Mā te pātai i ngā uara ka nui ake te whai tikanga o te tukanga tohutohu, nā te mea ka arahina ki te oranga e hiahia ana koe ki te hanga, ehara i te whakakore noa i ngā raruraru.
7. Ngā Tuhinga Whakaora (Ngā Reta, Ngā Tiwhikete, Ngā Tuhipoka)
Ko tētahi tikanga ahurei i roto i te huarahi kōrero ko te whakamahi i ngā tuhinga: ngā reta a te kaiārahi ki ngā kiritaki, ngā whakarāpopototanga o ngā wā, ngā "tiwhikete whakatutukitanga," ngā tuhipoka herenga rānei. Ka whakamahia ngā tuhinga hei whakakaha i te kōrero hou kia kore ai e ngaro wawe ina hoki te kiritaki ki te taiao i puta ai te kōrero tawhito.
Hei tauira, ka tuhituhi pea te kaitohutohu i tētahi reta e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa kua puta, ngā rautaki kua angitu, me ngā uara o te kiritaki. Ka taea e te kiritaki te pānui anō ina ruarua, kia ora tonu ai te kōrero rerekē.
8. Te Kaiwhakaatu o Waho me te Hapori Tautoko
I ētahi horopaki, ko te kaupapa o te kōrero whakataki he "kaiwhakaatu o waho" - he tangata kē atu e whakarongo ana ki te kōrero a te kiritaki (hei tauira, te whānau, ngā hoa tata, ngā rōpū tautoko rānei) kātahi ka tuku whakaaro whakaū. Ehara i te mea ko te whakawā te whāinga, engari ko te kite me te whakaū i te tuakiri hou e puta mai ana. He whai hua tēnei tikanga ina hiahia te kiritaki ki te whakamana pāpori hei whakaū i te huringa.
Ngā Wāhanga Mahi o tētahi Wāhanga Tohutohu Kōrero
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakahaere i tētahi wānanga kōrero mā roto i ēnei mahi: te hanga hononga mahi tahi, te whakarongo ki te kōrero matua, te whakaingoa me te whakaatu i te raruraru ki waho, te mahere i ngā awe, te kimi i ngā putanga ahurei, te whakapakari i ngā kōrero rerekē, kātahi ka hoahoa i ngā mahi iti e hangai ana ki ngā uara o te kiritaki. Hei whakamutunga, ka taea e te kaitohutohu te āwhina i te kiritaki ki te waihanga i tētahi mahere tiaki: me pēhea te pupuri i te kōrero hou kia kaha ina ngana anō te raruraru ki te whakahaere.
Ngā Painga me ngā Wero
Ko ngā painga o te tohutohu kōrero ko tōna āhua whakamana, tōna iti o te whakama, me tōna pai mō ngā kiritaki e mauheretia ana e ngā tapanga kino. He tikanga ahurea anō hoki tēnei, e mōhio ana ki te horopaki pāpori e hanga ana i ngā wheako o te tangata. Heoi, ko te wero ko te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki ngā pūkenga pātai hōhonu me ngā pūkenga whakarongo kore-arataki. Mō ngā kiritaki e hiahia ana ki te hanganga tino mārama, ki te wawaotanga ohorere rānei, he maha ngā wā me whakakotahi te tohutohu kōrero me ētahi atu huarahi.
Te Katinga
Mā ngā tikanga tohutohu e ahu mai ana i te kōrero ka tukuna he huarahi atawhai, he huarahi kaha hoki ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao. Mā te whakawātea i te tangata, te mahere whenua, te rapu i ngā putanga ahurei, te tuhi anō, te wetewete, te pātai i ngā uara, te tuhi tuhinga, me te tautoko hapori, ka taea e ngā kiritaki te hanga anō i tētahi tuakiri kāore i tautuhia e ō rātou raruraru. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakamahara mai te tohutohu kōrero ki a tātou ehara te ao i te kohinga o ngā kaupapa, engari he kōrero whai tikanga ka taea te tuhi anō—iti iho i te iti iho—ki tētahi putanga ake o tātou anō e wātea ana, e whai mana ake ana.
