Te Whakamahinga o te Ariā Whanoke i roto i te Tohutohu
He kura whakaaro nui te whanonga tangata i roto i te hinengaro e whakanui ana i te taea te ako, te hanga, me te whakarerekē i te whanonga tangata mā te hononga i waenga i te whakaohooho me te urupare. I roto i te horopaki o te tohutohu, ka tukuna e te whanonga he huarahi mahi me te ine, e arotahi ana ki te whanonga ka kitea me te awe o te taiao ki taua whanonga. Arā, ko te tohutohu whanonga ehara i te mea e titiro ana ki ngā raruraru o ngā kiritaki he "ihirangi o roto" noa iho, engari he tauira whanonga ka taea te tātari, te whakangungu, me te whakarerekē.
Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Ariā Whēngaretanga
I whakawhanakehia te whanonga-ā-tinana e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Edward Thorndike, me B.F. Skinner. I whai wāhi katoa rātou ki te māramatanga ki te hanganga o te whanonga.
1. Te Whakangungu Matarohia (Pavlov)
I whakaatu a Pavlov ka taea te ako i ētahi urupare mā te hononga. Hei tauira, he kurī i huware i te tīmatanga i te kitenga i te kai, ā, i muri mai ka huware anō i te tangi o te pere nā te mea i honoa tonutia te pere ki te kai. I roto i te kaupapa tohutohu, ka āwhina tēnei ariā ki te whakamārama i te putanga mai o ētahi urupare kare ā-roto (hei tauira, te manukanuka) e "honohono" ana ki ētahi āhuatanga nā ngā wheako o mua.
2. Te Ture o te Pānga (Thorndike)
Ko ngā whanonga e whai ana i ngā hua pai ka whakahokia, ko ngā whanonga ia e whai ana i ngā hua kino ka whakarērea. He tūāpapa nui tēnei mātāpono mō ngā tikanga whakapakari i roto i te mahi tohutohu.
3. Te Whakahaunga Whakahaere (Skinner)
I whakanui a Skinner ko ngā hua ka puta mai i te whanonga: te whakapakari me te whiu. Mā te whakapakari ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te whanonga kia puta anō, engari mā te whiu ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whanonga kia puta anō. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te tohunga tohutohu whanonga tēnei mātāpono hei hanga i ngā tikanga hou, kia urutau ake.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua o te Tohutohu Whanoke
Ko te whakamahinga o te whanonga i roto i te kaupapa tohutohu e whakawhirinaki ana ki ētahi whakaaro matua:
– Ka akohia te whanonga, nō reira ka taea te "ako anō." Ko ngā raruraru pēnei i te manukanuka pāpori, te whakaroa, te momi hikareti rānei e kitea ana he hua o te ako hē, te ako kore rānei e urutau.
– Arotahi ki te wā o nāianei. Ka aro nui ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki ngā huringa whanonga o nāianei, kaua ki te ruku hohonu ki ngā wā o mua, ahakoa ka whakaarohia tonutia te hītori ako a te kiritaki.
– He pūmau, he ine hoki ngā whāinga o te tohutohu. Ka aromatawaihia te huringa mā roto i ngā tohu whanonga mārama, pērā i te auau, te roa, te kaha rānei o ētahi whanonga.
– Ngā kaitohutohu hohe me ngā kaitohutohu ārahi. He maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā kaitohutohu hei kaiako, e hoahoa ana i ngā mahi, i ngā mahi kāinga, me ngā aromatawai ahunga whakamua.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Whakamahi i te Whanoketanga i roto i te Tohutohu
Ko te whakamahinga o te ariā whanonga ka puta i roto i ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
1. Aromatawai Whanoke
Ka tautuhia e ngā kaitohutohu ngā whanonga raruraru, ngā āhuatanga whakaoho, me ngā hua e mau tonu ai aua whanonga. Ko tētahi whakatakotoranga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tātari ABC:
– A (Antecedent): he aha te mea e whakaoho ana i te whanonga i mua i tōna putanga mai?
– B (Whanaketanga): whanonga e kitea ana
– C (Te Hua): ngā hua ka puta i muri i te whanonga, tae atu ki ngā urupare taiao
2. Te Whakatakoto Whāinga
Me tino mārama, me tino pono, me te ine i ngā whāinga. Hei tauira, "whakaitihia te auau o te kore haere ki te kura mai i te 3 ngā wā i te wiki ki te 0–1 ngā wā i te wiki i roto i te kotahi marama."
3. Te Whakamahere Wawaotanga
Ka whiriwhiria e te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te tikanga tika, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga o te kiritaki, ki te taiao, me ngā rauemi e wātea ana.
4. Te Whakatinanatanga me te Aroturukitanga
Ka whakahaerehia e te kiritaki ngā mahi, ngā rautaki rānei kua whakaaetia, kātahi ka aroturukihia e te kaitohutohu te ahunga whakamua mā roto i ngā rātaka whanonga, ngā tauine whakatauranga, ngā kitenga rānei.
5. Aromatawai me te Tiaki
Kia puta ngā huringa, ka āwhina ngā kaitohutohu i ngā kiritaki ki te pupuri i ngā whanonga hou me te ārai i te hokinga anō ki aua whanonga.
Ngā Tikanga Whanoke i roto i te Tohutohu
Anei ētahi tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te kaupapa tohutohu whanonga:
1. Whakakaha Pai
Ko te whakapakari pai ko te whakarato i ngā hua pai i muri i te puta o te whanonga e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, ka tuku mihi ngā mātua, ka tuku wā tākaro tāpiri rānei ina oti i te tamaiti āna mahi kāinga i te wā tika. I roto i te kaupapa tohutohu, ka taea e te whakapakari pai te tango i te ahua o te utu whaiaro, te tautoko pāpori rānei mai i te hunga e arohaina ana.
2. Whakakaha Kino
He rerekē te whakapakari kino i te whiu. Ko te whakapakari kino ko te tango i tētahi mea kāore i te pai i muri i te mahi i tētahi whanonga e hiahiatia ana, ka hua ake te pikinga o taua whanonga. Hei tauira, ko te kiritaki e whakaoti ana i tētahi mahi i ia wā ka whakaiti i te manukanuka nā te pikinga o te kawenga mahi.
3. Whiu
Ko te whāinga o te whiu he whakaiti i ngā whanonga kāore e hiahiatia. Heoi, he tūpato te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te whakamahi i te whiu nā te mea ka pā mai ngā pānga taha pēnei i te wehi, te riri, te heke rānei o te hihiri. I roto i te kaupapa tohutohu hou, he maha ngā wā ka whakakapia ngā rautaki whiu ki te whakapakari i ngā whanonga rerekē e urutau ana.
4. Te Hanga (Te Hanga Ātaahua)
Ko te hanga whanonga ko te whakapūmau i ngā hikoinga iti ki te whakatutuki i tētahi whanonga e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, kāore te kiritaki e tonoa kia kōrero tonu i te aroaro o te marea e te manukanuka pāpori, engari ka tīmata mā te mihi ki tētahi tangata, kātahi ka kōrero i roto i tētahi rōpū iti, ā, i te mutunga ka whakaatu.
5. Te Whakatauira (Te Ako mā te Tauira)
Ko te whakatauira he whakaatu i ngā whanonga e hiahiatia ana, kātahi ka whai i te kiritaki kia whai me te whakaharatau i taua whanonga. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te whakangungu pūkenga pāpori, pērā i te whakapuaki whakaaro me te kaha, me te whakakore rānei i ngā tono kāore i te tika.
6. Te Whakakorenga Pūnaha
Ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei rongoā i te mataku, i te manukanuka rānei. Ka whakangungua ngā kiritaki ki te whakangā, kātahi ka āta whakararuraruhia ki ngā whakaohooho mataku, mai i te ngawari ki te kino. Ko te whāinga he whakawhanake i tētahi urupare hou, marino ake i te wā e pā ana ki ēnei āhuatanga.
7. Te Whakaora Whakamātautau
He rite ki te whakaiti i te aro, engari e arotahi ana ki te whakaaturanga tika me te kore e karo i te whakaohooho. He hanganga, he whakahou hoki te whakaaturanga hei whakaiti i te manukanuka. Hei tauira, ka āta haere te tangata e mataku ana ki te teitei ki te noho ki ngā wāhi teitei me te āwhina haumaru.
8. Ōhanga Tohu
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā kura, i ngā wāhi whakaora rānei. Ka whiwhi ngā kiritaki i ngā "tohu" (ngā tohu/ngā whakapiripiri) mō ā rātou whanonga pai, ā, ka whakawhitia ēnei mō ngā utu motuhake. He whai hua ngā penapena tohu ki te whakatipu i te whakahaere me te whakanui ake i te hihiri, inā koa i roto i ngā tamariki.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Āhuatanga Tohutohu
I roto i te kaupapa tohutohu kura, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whanonga hei aro atu ki ngā take whiu, ki ngā tikanga ako, ki ngā whanonga pukuriri rānei. Hei tauira, ka taea te āwhina i tētahi ākonga e tomuri pinepine ana me tētahi kirimana whanonga: ka whiwhi te ākonga i ngā hua pai mō te taenga mai i te wā tika mō te wiki, ā, ka whakahaerehia ngā aromatawai i ia wā.
I roto i te kaupapa tohutohu haumanu, he whai hua te huarahi whanonga hei aro atu ki te manukanuka, ki te mataku, me ngā whanonga whakawara. Hei tauira, mō te kai hikareti, ka āwhina ngā kaitohutohu i ngā kiritaki ki te tautuhi i ngā mea e whakaoho ana i te manukanuka (hei tauira, te ahotea, te taiao kai hikareti rānei), kātahi ka whakakapi i ēnei urupare ki ngā whanonga rerekē pērā i ngā tikanga whakangā, te korikori tinana māmā, te karo wawe rānei i ētahi āhuatanga.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here
Ko ngā painga o te kaupapa tohutohu whanonga ko tōna āhua hanganga, he aro ki ngā otinga, ā, he ngāwari ki te aromatawai. He pai tēnei huarahi mō ngā kiritaki e hiahia ana ki ngā rautaki whai hua, ā, e hiahia ana kia kite i ngā huringa tūturu i roto i te wā poto.
Heoi anō, he iti anō hoki ngā herenga o te whanonga, inā koa ka uru ngā raruraru o te kiritaki ki ngā pakanga uaua o roto, te whara hohonu, te hiahia rānei ki te tikanga o te ao. Nā te mea e aro ana ki ngā whanonga mārama, ka taea te wareware i ngā āhuatanga kare ā-roto me te hinengaro mena kāore i te honoa ki ētahi atu huarahi. Nō reira, he maha ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro e whakauru ana i ngā tikanga whanonga ki ngā huarahi hinengaro (CBT) me ngā huarahi tangata rānei mō tētahi huarahi whānui ake.
Te Katinga
Mā te whakamahinga o te ariā whanonga i roto i te kaupapa tohutohu ka whakaratohia he anga mārama mō te mārama me te whakarerekē i te whanonga. Mā te whakanui i te aromatawai pūnaha, ngā whāinga ine, me te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakapakari, te whakatauira, me te whakakore i te aro, ka āwhina te kaupapa tohutohu whanonga i ngā kiritaki ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga hou, e urutau ake ana. Ahakoa ōna herenga, kei te whai tikanga tonu, kei te whai hua tonu tēnei huarahi, inā koa ka taea e ngā kaitohutohu te whakarerekē i ngā tikanga whanonga ki ngā hiahia ahurei o te kiritaki me te horopaki e noho ana rātou.
