Huarahi Āhuatanga i roto i te Tohutohu
Ko te huarahi phenomenological ki te tohutohu he tirohanga e whakanoho ana i te wheako whaiaro o te kiritaki ki waenganui o te māramatanga me te wawaotanga. I roto i tēnei anga, ka whai ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te mārama ki te ao e pā ana ki te kiritaki—ehara i te mea "e tika ana" kia rite ki te ariā, ki ngā tikanga pāpori, ki ngā whakatau ā-waho rānei. E whakanui ana te phenomenology ko te tikanga o te tangata i roto i te ao, te mamae, ngā kōwhiringa, me ngā tumanako ka hangaia e te āhua o tā rātou wheako me te whakamārama i ngā kaupapa. Nō reira, ka neke atu te tohutohu phenomenological i te rapu noa i ngā take "whaitake" o ngā raruraru, engari ka tūhura i te āhua o te putanga mai o te raruraru i roto i te hinengaro o te kiritaki me tōna tikanga ki a rātou.
Ngā Pūtake o te Whakaaro Āhuatanga
Ko te kaupapa o te phenomenology e ahu mai ana i te rapunga whakaaro a Edmund Husserl, e tono ana i a tātou kia "hoki ki ngā mea tonu," arā, ki te whakahaere tika i ngā wheako i mua i te tapanga, te whakarōpūtanga, te ariā rānei. I roto i te horopaki o ngā whanaungatanga tangata, i whanake tēnei whakaaro mā roto i ngā tāngata pēnei i a Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, me Jean-Paul Sartre, nāna i whakanui te oranga tangata hei mea e noho tonu ana i te ao: kāore te tangata e noho motuhake ana, engari e hono tonu ana ki te tinana, te wā, ngā whanaungatanga, te ahurea, me te taiao.
Ina tae ki te kaupapa tohutohu me te hinengaro hinengaro, he tūāpapa nui te phenomenology mō ngā huarahi tangata me ngā huarahi oranga. He maha ngā mahi tohutohu whakaora tangata-arotahi, gestalt, me te oranga e tautoko ana i te wairua phenomenology: te whakatairanga i ngā wheako o te kiritaki, te whakaiti i te whakatau, me te hanga māramatanga mā te kōrero.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake i roto i te Tohutohu Āhuatanga
He maha ngā mātāpono matua e wehewehe ana i te huarahi tohutoro ki te tohutohu mai i ngā huarahi e tino aro nui ana ki te tautuhi mate, te ine, te whakamārama taha-kotahi rānei.
1. Te hiranga o te wheako whaiaro
E tirohia ana e te Phenomenology ngā wheako o te kiritaki hei raraunga tuatahi. Ko te mea nui ehara i te mea ko "ngā mea i tupu," engari ko "te āhua o te wheako." Hei tauira, ka pāngia pea e te tokorua tētahi huihuinga ōrite—te ngaronga o te mahi—engari he rerekē ngā tikanga: ki tētahi he tūmomo mōrearea ki te whakaaro nui ki a ia anō, ki tētahi atu he whai wāhitanga ki te tīmata i tētahi oranga hou. Ka tūhuratia e ngā kaitohutohu Phenomenology ēnei rerekētanga o te tikanga me te whakaaro nui.
2. Te wā, te whakapūtā rānei (ngā whakapae whakatārewatanga)
Ka whai ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te whakamutu i te whakahāwea, ngā tapanga, me ngā whakamārama wawe. Ehara tēnei i te kī kāore i a rātou te mōhiotanga ariā, engari ka whakatūria e rātou te ariā hei taputapu, ehara i te tirohanga matua. Mā te whakapūtanga, ka whakangungu ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro i a rātou anō kia tūwhera ki te aroaro: "E hiahia ana ahau ki te mārama ki tō wheako e pā ana ki a koe."
3. Te Whaitake: ko te mōhiotanga he mea e pā ana ki tētahi mea
E whakapono ana te Phenomenology ko te hinengaro tangata e anga tonu ana ki tētahi mea, ki tētahi huihuinga, ki tētahi tikanga rānei. I roto i te mahi tohutohu, ka āwhina tēnei i ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te tūhura i te "ahunga" o te wheako o te kiritaki—he aha te mea e tino arohia ana e rātou, he aha tā rātou e karo ana, he aha tā rātou e wehi ana, me tā rātou e tumanako ana. Hei tauira, ehara te manukanuka i te tohu noa iho; he maha ngā wā ka anga atu ki tētahi āmua pea e kitea ana he whakamataku.
4. Te pono o te whanaungatanga whakaora
E whakanui ana te huarahi phenomenological i te hiranga o te tūtakitanga tangata i roto i te mahi tohutohu. Ehara te whanaungatanga kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro me te kiritaki i te whanaungatanga ngaio makariri noa iho, engari he wāhi haumaru, aroha, me te pono mō te kōrero. Mā tēnei whanaungatanga ka taea e ngā kiritaki te tūhura i ngā wheako i hunaia, i whakama, i whakamataku rānei i mua.
Te Whāinga o te Tohutohu Āhuatanga
Ko te whāinga matua o te tohutohu ā-tinana he whakamārama i ngā wheako ā-roto o te kiritaki, me te āwhina i a rātou ki te kimi i te tikanga, i ngā kōwhiringa, me ngā huarahi noho i te ao e hāngai ana ki a rātou anō. Kāore te huringa e inehia i ngā wā katoa mā te ngaro noa o ngā tohu, engari mā te pikinga ake o te mōhiotanga, te whakaae ki a ia anō, te herekoretanga ki te whiriwhiri, me te kawenga mō ngā whakataunga.
I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka mau tonu ngā raruraru hinengaro nā te mea kua mau ngā kiritaki ki ngā huarahi ki te whakamārama i ngā wheako mamae—hei tauira, te whakaaro "Kāore au i te whai hua" te "kāore te ao i te haumaru." Mā te kaupapa tohutohu ā-tinana ka āwhina ngā kiritaki ki te kite i te āhua o te hanganga o ēnei tikanga, me pēhea te awe i ngā kōwhiringa oranga, me te mea kei te whai tikanga tonu, kei te here rānei.
Ngā Tukanga me ngā Tikanga e Whakamahia Ana
Ehara te aro ki ngā āhuatanga hangarau te huarahi tohutohu. Heoi anō, kei reira ngā mahi tohutohu e hangai ana ki te wairua āhuatanga hangarau.
1. Ngā pātai tūhura hōhonu
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ngā pātai e ārahi ana ki ngā whakaahuatanga o ngā wheako, kaua ki ngā whakamārama ariā. Hei tauira:
– “Kei te pēhea koe e rongo ai i tēnā i roto i tō tinana?”
– “He aha te mea i puta ake ki tō hinengaro i taua wā?”
– “Mehemea ka taea e tēnei kare ā-roto te kōrero, he aha tāna e kī ai?”
– “He aha te tikanga o tēnei kaupapa ki a koe mōu ake?”
Mā ngā pātai pēnei ka āwhina i ngā kiritaki kia hoki ki ngā wheako o mua me te pono, me te taipitopito hoki.
2. Te whakaaroaro me te whakamārama i te tikanga
Ka whakaatahia e te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ngā mea i rangona kia mārama ai, kia āwhina hoki i te kiritaki kia kite i ngā tauira o te tikanga. Hei tauira: "Ina kī koe 'ngenge', e ahua ana ehara i te mea kei te ngenge tinana noa koe, engari kei te ngenge hoki nā te ngana tonu ki te whakatutuki i ngā tumanakohanga." Mā tēnei momo whakaaroaro ka huaki he wāhi mō ngā tikanga hou.
3. Arotahi ki te "konei me nāianei"
He maha ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ā-tinana e akiaki ana i ngā kiritaki kia aro ki ō rātou wheako i te wā o te wānanga: ngā kare ā-roto e puta ake ana, ngā kare ā-tinana, ngā hihiri ki te wehe atu, ngā hiahia rānei kia whakamanahia. Ehara i te mea ko te "ināianei" te kore aro ki ngā mea o mua, engari ko te kite i tōna āhua e ora anō ai i tēnei wā tonu.
4. Whakaahuatanga i mua i te whakamāramatanga
Engari i te whakatau tonu, "Ko te pūtake o te raruraru ko te whara" me te "He mate motuhake tēnei," ka akiaki ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro i ngā kiritaki ki te whakaahua i te kaupapa: te mea i tupu, te āhua o te mamae, te mea i whakaarohia e rātou, me ō rātou kare ā-roto. Mai i ngā whakaahuatanga whai kiko, ka puta ake te māramatanga i roto i te āhua tūturu, ā, ka rite ki "te mea ake a te kiritaki."
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Take Tohutohu
Whakaarohia tētahi kiritaki e amuamu ana, "Kei te tino manukanuka rawa ahau i te mahi." Kāore te huarahi arorau e tere ki te whakatau i ngā rautaki hei whakaiti i te manukanuka. Ka tūhura te kaitohutohu i te wā e puta ai te manukanuka, i roto i ngā āhuatanga, i tōna āhua, me tōna tikanga.
Tērā pea ka mōhio te kiritaki ka puta te manukanuka i ngā wā whakaaturanga nā te mea ka whakamāramahia e rātou ngā hapa iti hei tohu mō tō rātou "koretake." Tērā pea ko te manukanuka i ahu mai i ngā wheako o mua o te whakaititia. Mā te wetewete i ngā tikanga me ngā wheako e haere tahi ana me te manukanuka, ka kite te kiritaki ehara i te whakaaturanga tonu te mea whakamataku, engari ko te tūmomo mōrearea ki tō rātou tuakiri. Mai i konei, ka taea te aro atu ki ngā wawaotanga ki te hanga anō i te tikanga, te whakapakari i te tuakiri, me te whiriwhiri i ngā urupare hauora ake.
Ngā Painga o te Huarahi Aromatawai
He maha ngā painga o tēnei huarahi. Tuatahi, e whakaute ana i te kiritaki hei tohunga mō tōna ake ao, ā, e mārama ake ai rātou, e haumaru ake ai hoki. Tuarua, ka āwhina te phenomenology ki te hopu i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā wheako e ngaro ana i roto i ngā tapanga tātaritanga. Tuatoru, he ngāwari tēnei huarahi puta noa i ngā ahurea nā te mea kāore e whakatakoto i tētahi paerewa kotahi; ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te aro nui ake ki ngā tikanga e ahu mai ana i ngā uara, ngā tikanga tuku iho, me te horopaki pāpori o te kiritaki.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he pai te tohutohu ā-ahuatanga mō ngā take oranga pēnei i te ngaronga o te tikanga, ngā raruraru tuakiri, ngā pakanga uara, te mokemoke, te pouri, me ngā huringa oranga. He maha ngā wā kāore e taea te whakatau i ēnei take mā roto i ngā tikanga whanonga anake, nā te mea kei roto ko ngā pātai mō "ko wai ahau" me "me pēhea taku e hiahia ana ki te ora."
Ngā Here me ngā Wero
He wero anō hoki kei roto i te Phenomenology. Nā te mea e aro nui ana ki te tūhuratanga o te wheako, ka roa pea te wā me te whanaungatanga kaha, hohonu hoki mō te tukanga. Tērā pea ka kitea e ngā kiritaki e rapu ana i ngā otinga tere tēnei huarahi "e hurihuri haere ana" mēnā ka kore te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro e ārahi pai i a rātou. Hei tāpiri, me nui te mōhio o te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki a ia anō mā ngā pūkenga whakapūmau; mā ngā whakaaro pōhewa, ngā whakamārama rānei kua whakaurua mārire ka taea te neke atu i te arotahi mai i te wheako o te kiritaki.
I ētahi wā—hei tauira, he raruraru nui, he mōrearea whakamomori, he mamae nui rānei—ka taea tonu te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi āhuatanga matatika, engari me whakakotahi me ngā mehua hanganga pēnei i te aromatawai mōrearea, te tuku hinengaro, ngā wawaotanga rānei e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga hei whakatau i te raruraru.
Te Katinga
Mā te huarahi tohutoro ki te tohutohu ka tukuna he huarahi tangata, hohonu hoki ki te mārama ki ngā kiritaki. Mā te arotahi ki ngā wheako tūturu, ka āwhina ngā kaitohutohu i ngā kiritaki kia mārama ake te kite i tō rātou ao, kia kitea he tikanga whakamana ake, kia whiriwhiria hoki ngā kōwhiringa pono ake. E whakamahara mai ana te tohutoro ki a tātou kei muri i ia tohu he kōrero wheako—ā, kei muri i ia kōrero he tangata e rapu ana kia mārama, kaua e whakahēngia noa. I roto i tētahi ao e tere ana ki te tapanga, ka whakaratohia e te tohutohu tohutoro he wāhi marino mō te wheako, te mōhio, me te tipu.
