Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Tikanga Tohutohu i runga i te Tātaritanga
Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga tohutohu tētahi o ngā whakataunga haumanu tino nui i roto i te mahi tiaki hauora hinengaro. Mā te tikanga tika ka āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te mārama ki ō rātou raruraru, ki te whakaiti i ngā tohu, ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga aro atu, me te whakapai ake i te mahi pāpori me te kounga o te oranga. Heoi, kāore e taea te whiriwhiri noa i tētahi tikanga tohutohu. Ko tētahi o ngā tūāpapa matua mō te whakatau i te huarahi tika ko te tātaritanga, ahakoa he tātaritanga haumanu whaimana (hei tauira, i runga i te DSM-5-TR, i te ICD-11 rānei) he tātaritanga mahi rānei i ahu mai i tētahi aromatawai whānui. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ārahi a te tātaritanga i te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tohutohu, ngā mātāpono matua hei whakaaroaro, me ngā tauira o ngā huarahi noa e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi āhuatanga hinengaro.
Te Tikanga o te Tātaritanga i roto i te Tohutohu
I roto i te horopaki o te kaunihera, ehara te tātaritanga i te "tapanga" noa iho, engari he tīmatanga hei mārama ki ngā tauira tohu, ngā mea e whakaoho ana, ngā āhuatanga e pupuri ana, me te kaha o te raruraru. Ka āwhina te tātaritanga i ngā kaunihera ki te whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei i: he aha te raruraru matua, he aha te kaha, he aha ngā mōrearea, me ngā wawaotanga ka tino whai hua. Heoi, kaua te tātaritanga e wareware ki te ahurei o te tangata takitahi. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he rautaki rerekē mō ngā tāngata e rua me te tātaritanga kotahi nā te rerekētanga o ngā hītori o te ao, te tautoko pāpori, ngā uara ahurea, me ngā whāinga whaiaro.
I roto i te mahi, me mahi he tātaritanga mā te tukanga aromatawai whānui, tae atu ki ngā uiuinga haumanu, te mātakitaki, te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hinengaro ina hiahiatia, ngā mōhiohio mai i te whānau (me te whakaae), me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga hauora. I tēnei wā, ka aromatawaihia hoki e te kaitohutohu ngā āhuatanga mōrearea pēnei i te whakaaro whakamomori, te tutu ā-whare, te whakamahi kino i ngā matū, ngā āhuatanga hinengaro rānei e hiahia ana kia tere ake te tuku me te whakahaere tahi.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Kōwhiri i ngā Tikanga Tohutohu i runga i te Tātaritanga
He maha ngā mātāpono hei ārahi i te wā e whakatau ana i ngā tikanga tohutohu:
1. Te mahi e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga
Ka whiriwhiria ngā tikanga nā te mea he kaha te tautoko rangahau mō ngā tautuhi mate motuhake. Hei tauira, he whānui te tautoko a te CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) mō ngā mate pouri me te manukanuka.
2. Te tutuki i te taumata o te kino me te mōrearea
Ka taea te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga ngawari ki te āhua taurite mā te tohutohu hanganga, ko ngā āhuatanga kino ia (hei tauira, te pouri nui me te mōrearea o te whakamomori, te hinengaro hinengaro rānei) me wawaotanga maha ngā māngai, tae atu ki te tohunga hinengaro.
3. Ngā whāinga me ngā manakohanga a te kiritaki
Ko ētahi o ngā kiritaki e hiahia ana ki te arotahi ki te huringa whanonga, ko ētahi ia e hiahia ana ki te tūhura i ngā kare ā-roto me ngā whanaungatanga. Ka pāngia te huarahi tika e ēnei manakohanga.
4. Ngā āhuatanga ahurea, ngā uara, me te horopaki pāpori
Me hangai ngā tikanga tohutohu ki ngā tikanga me ngā uara o te kiritaki. Tērā pea kāore e tika ana te huarahi tautohetohe rawa mō ngā tāngata nō ngā ahurea e whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-korekore ana.
5. Ngā mate pāwera (ngā raruraru takirua)
He maha ngā kiritaki he maha ā rātou tātaritanga, pērā i te manukanuka me te kore moe me te whakamahi kino i ngā matū. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, me whakarite e ngā kaitohutohu ngā wawaotanga matua, me te whakakotahi pea i ngā tikanga.
Tauira o te Kōwhiringa Tikanga i runga i ētahi Tātaritanga
1. Ngā Mate Manukanuka (GAD, Mate Pāwera, Phobia)
Mō ngā mate manukanuka, ko te tikanga e tino taunakitia ana ko te CBT nā te mea ka āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te tautuhi i ngā whakaaro aunoa e whakapakari ana i te manukanuka, te mahi i te whakarerekētanga hinengaro, me te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakangungu āta whakaatu.
I roto i ngā momo mataku me te mate pāwera, he maha ngā wā ka whai hua ngā tikanga whakaaturanga me te whakaaturanga whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro. Haunga te CBT, ka whakamahia whānuitia hoki te huarahi Whakaae me te Whakapūmautanga (ACT), inā koa ka pāngia ngā kiritaki e te whakaaro nui roa me te uaua ki te mamae. Ka whakanuia e te ACT te whakaae ki ngā wheako o roto, te whakakorenga hinengaro, me te whakapau kaha ki ngā mahi e rite ana ki ngā uara o te ao.
2. Te pouri (Ngawari–Waenga)
Mō te pouri, ka whakaarohia pea e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te CBT, te Whakahohenga Whanoke (BA), te Whakaora Tangata (IPT) rānei. He whai hua te BA ina ngaro te kaha me te hiahia o ngā kiritaki, nā te mea ka whakahokia mārire mai ngā mahi whai tikanga o ia rā. He tika te IPT ina he hononga tata te pouri ki ngā raruraru whanaungatanga, te taupatupatu tūranga, te pouri, ngā whakawhiti oranga rānei (hei tauira, te whakarere, te huri mahi, te ngaronga o tētahi mātua).
Mō te pouri e haere tahi ana me ngā whakaaro whakamomori, me whakahaere e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro he aromatawai mōrearea, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi whakaora e arotahi ana ki te haumaru (whakamahere haumaru) me te mahi tahi me tētahi tohunga hinengaro.
3. Te Whara me te PTSD
I roto i te whara, he mea nui te whiriwhiri tupato i ngā tikanga, nā te mea ka taea e te tirotiro anō i ngā maharatanga whara me te kore he hanganga haumaru te whakanui ake i ngā tohu. Ko ngā huarahi e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga ko te Trauma-Focused CBT, te EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), me te Prolonged Exposure Therapy. Mā ēnei tikanga ka taea te tukatuka āta haere i te whara mā roto i ngā pūkenga pēnei i te whakatau i ngā kare ā-roto, te whakahaere ā-tinana, me te whakapakari i te wairua haumaru.
Mō ngā kiritaki e pāngia ana e te whara uaua, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro he wāhanga tīmatanga arā, ko te whakatau i te tūnga (te whakatūturu, te whakahaere i ngā kare ā-roto) i mua i te urunga ki te wāhanga tukatuka whara.
4. Ngā Mate Tūturu me ngā Tauira Whānaungatanga Kāore e Mahi
Ina whakaatu ngā kiritaki i ngā tauira whanaungatanga auau me te mamae, te whanoke, te uaua tonu rānei ki te whakahaere i ngā kare ā-roto, ko ngā huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), te Schema Therapy, te structured psychodynamic therapy rānei.
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana te DBT mō tōna whai huatanga ki te rongoā i ngā take whakahaere kare ā-roto, te whanonga whara i a ia anō, me te kore pumau o te whanaungatanga. Ko te kaupapa whakaora kaupapa e arotahi ana ki te aro atu ki ngā kaupapa tamarikitanga kāore i te urutau (hei tauira, te whakakorenga me te whakarērea) me te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi hauora ake hei whakatutuki i ngā matea kare ā-roto. Ko te taumata pumau o te kiritaki, ngā pūkenga whakaaroaro-ā-roto, me te taiao tautoko e tino awehia ana te whiriwhiri tikanga.
5. Te Whakamahi Kino i ngā Matū
Mō te whakamahi kino i ngā matū, ka ārahi te tātaritanga i ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te whakarite i ngā huarahi uiuinga hihiri (MI) me te ārai i te hokinga mai o te tarukino. Ka āwhina te MI ki te whakanui ake i te hihiri ā-roto me te whakaiti i te ātete. Mēnā kei roto te pouri, te manukanuka rānei, me whai huarahi maimoatanga whakauru, nā te mea he uaua ake te whakaora ina kotahi anake te take e arohia ana. He mea nui hoki te tautoko rōpū (hei tauira, ngā kaupapa hapori).
6. Ngā Raru Whakawhanaketanga Taiohi me ngā Taupatupatu Whānau
Mō ngā taiohi, ko ngā mate pēnei i te mate whanonga, te manukanuka pāpori, ngā raruraru urutau rānei, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he huarahi e uru ana ki te taiao. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te whakamahi i te tohutohu whānau, te whakangungu whakahaere mātua, te CBT rānei mō ngā taiohi me ngā whakarerekētanga reo me ngā mahi. Ina ko te raruraru whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te take matua, ka āwhina te rongoā pūnaha ki te tirotiro i ngā tauira taunekeneke, kaua ko "ko wai te he."
Ehara i te mea ko te tātaritanga anake te mea e whakatau ana
Ahakoa he mea nui te tātaritanga, me whai whakaaro anō hoki ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki ētahi atu taurangi: te taumata o te rite mō te huringa, te mātauranga hinengaro, te kaha o te kiritaki ki te mahi i ngā mahi o te whare, te haumaru taiao, me te wātea o te tautoko pāpori. Ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te CBT me whai mahi whaiaro tonu; mēnā kei te pāngia te kiritaki e te raruraru pāpori (hei tauira, te tutu, te ahotea ōhanga nui rānei), me uru atu hoki ki ngā wawaotanga te tautoko mahi, ngā tuku ratonga pāpori, me ngā rautaki whakatau.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te hononga whakaora (te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te kaiārahi me te kiritaki) he tohu kaha mō te angitu. Mēnā he tikanga pai kāore e hangai ki te momo whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te kiritaki, ka ārai pea i te tukanga. Nō reira, he maha ngā kaimahi e whakamahi ana i tētahi huarahi whakauru: he mea hangai ki ngā taunakitanga engari he ngāwari ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia takitahi.
Te Katinga
Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga tohutohu i runga i te tautuhi mate he tukanga haumanu e whakakotahi ana i te pūtaiao me te toi. Mā te tautuhi mate ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te whiriwhiri i te wawaotanga tino tika me te haumaru, inā koa ka whakaarohia ngā taunakitanga o te whai huatanga, te kaha, me ngā āhuatanga mōrearea. Heoi, ko te angitu o te tohutohu ka whakatauhia ehara i te mea ko te tapanga tautuhi mate anake engari ko te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā wheako o te kiritaki, te horopaki pāpori ahurea, me ngā whāinga e hiahiatia ana. Mā te aromatawai hōhonu, te whiriwhiri tikanga tika, me te whanaungatanga whakaora kaha, ka taea e te tohutohu te noho hei waka mō ngā huringa whai tikanga me te pumau.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia 1000 kupu tonu, ka taea rānei te whakarerekē ki tētahi putanga mātauranga ake me ngā tohutoro (hei tauira, APA), me te tāpiri atu hoki i tētahi ripanga "tātaritanga–tikanga e taunakitia ana–whāinga o te wawaotanga".
