Ngā Wero Haumarutanga i roto i ngā Whatunga IoT
Kua hurihia e te Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT) te huarahi e taunekeneke ai te tangata me te hangarau. Ko ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā rama atamai, ngā kāmera CCTV, ngā pūoko ahumahi, ngā mita hiko atamai, ngā taputapu hauora ka taea te mau, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha aunoa o te wheketere kua honoa ki te ipurangi hei kohikohi raraunga me te mahi aunoa i ngā mahi. Ahakoa he nui te whai huatanga me te whai huatanga e tukuna ana e te IoT, he nui ngā wero haumarutanga. He maha ngā wā ka ngawari te whai i ngā whatunga IoT nā te mea he nui, he rerekē te maha o ngā taputapu, ā, he maha ngā mea i hangaia me te iti o te utu, me te kore e aro ki ngā āhuatanga haumarutanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā wero haumarutanga matua i roto i ngā whatunga IoT, ō rātou take, me ō rātou pānga ki ngā kaiwhakamahi takitahi me ngā whakahaere.
1. Papa Whakaeke Nui Rawa
Ko te wero nui rawa atu o te IoT ko tōna whānuitanga o te whakaeke. He rerekē ki ngā pūnaha hangarau mōhiohio tuku iho, e taea ai te whakauru noa i ngā tūmau, ngā rorohiko, me ngā taputapu whatunga, ka taea e te IoT te whakauru i ngā mano ki ngā miriona taputapu iti kua horapa puta noa i ngā wāhi maha. Ka noho ia taputapu hei "wāhi tomo" pea mō ngā kaiwhakaeke. Ka nui ake ngā taputapu hono, ka uaua ake te aroturuki tonu i a rātou katoa.
Hei tauira, ka tāutahia e tētahi kamupene hanga he pūoko pāmahana me te wiri ki ngā mīhini hanga. Mena he ngoikoretanga haumarutanga tō tētahi pūoko, ā, kua honoa ki te whatunga ā-roto, ka taea e te kaiwhakaeke te whakamahi i taua pūoko hei neke taha ki ngā pūnaha tino nui pēnei i ngā tūmau hanga, i ngā pātengi raraunga rānei.
2. Ngā Herenga Rauemi Pūrere
He maha ngā taputapu IoT kua hangaia me ngā here o te tukatuka, te mahara, me te mana. Nā ēnei here ka uaua te whakatinana i ngā tikanga haumarutanga hou. Ko te whakamunatanga kaha, te manatoko paparanga, te whakaara haumaru, te aroturuki pono rānei e hiahia ana kia kore e wātea ngā rauemi rorohiko i runga i ngā taputapu utu iti.
Nā reira, ka whakamahia e ētahi taputapu ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngoikore, ka rongoa haumaru ngā kupuhipa, ka tukuna rānei ngā raraunga me te kore whakamunatanga. Ahakoa ka whakapau kaha ngā kaihoko ki te whakapai ake i te haumarutanga, kāore pea e taea e ngā taputapu te whakahaere i ngā whakahōunga haumarutanga e tika ana.
3. Kupuhipa Taunoa me te Motuhēhēnga Ngoikore
He raruraru tawhito e puta pinepine ana: kāore ngā kupuhipa taunoa-whakaputa e whakarerekētia. He maha ngā kāmera IP, ngā pouara kāinga, me ētahi atu taputapu atamai e tukuna ana me ngā tohu tuakiri pēnei i te "kaiwhakahaere/kaiwhakahaere" me tētahi huinga noa iho rānei. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakaeke te mahi matawai papatipu puta noa i te ipurangi hei kimi i ngā taputapu e whakamahi tonu ana i ngā tohu tuakiri taunoa.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kāore ētahi taputapu e whakarato ana i ngā tikanga manatoko kaha, pērā i te kore tautoko mō ngā kupuhipa uaua, te whakawhāiti tere, te manatoko rānei e hangai ana ki te tiwhikete. Ka huaki ake te tūponotanga o ngā whakaekenga kaha-kino me te tango i ngā taputapu.
4. Ngā Whakahōutanga Pūmanawa me te Wehewehenga Kaihoko Iti Rawa
He roa te roanga o ngā huringa ora o ngā taputapu IoT, engari kāore i te rite tonu te tautoko whakahou a ngā kaihoko. He maha ngā taputapu kāore e whiwhi ana i ngā papaki haumarutanga auau, he uaua rānei te tukanga whakahou mō ngā kaiwhakamahi. Hei tāpiri, he tino wehewehe te pūnaha IoT: he rau ngā kaihoko, he maha ngā momo maramara, he rerekē ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me ngā kawa rerekē. Ka uaua ake te whakapūmautanga haumarutanga me te whakahaere whakahou nā tēnei wehewehenga.
Kāore he pūnaha whakahou ā-ipurangi (OTA) o ētahi taputapu. Ina kitea he ngoikoretanga, ko te otinga anake pea ko te whakakapi i te taputapu. Mēnā ka whakamahia te taputapu ki tētahi tauine nui (hei tauira, ngā pūoko tāone atamai), ka tino teitei rawa te utu me te uauatanga.
5. Ngā ngoikoretanga i roto i ngā kawa me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero
Ka whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngā taputapu IoT mā te whakamahi i ngā momo kawa, pērā i te MQTT, CoAP, Zigbee, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Low Energy, me te Wi-Fi. He ngoikore pea kei ia kawa mēnā ka hē te whirihoranga, ka whakatinanahia rānei i roto i te huarahi kore haumaru. Hei tauira:
– Mā te whakahaere i te MQTT me te kore he TLS ka taea te whakarongo puku ki ngā raraunga me te tango i te wā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
– Ka taea te whakamahi i te Nihokikorangi kua whirihorahia hē hei urunga kore mana mai i te tawhiti tata.
– He wero kei a Zigbee e pā ana ki te whakahaere kī me te mōrearea o te whakarongo puku mena kāore te whakamunatanga i whakatinanahia tika.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka haere ngā raraunga mā roto i ngā whatunga tūmatanui, mā te kapua rānei. Ki te kore he whakamunatanga mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga, ka taea te turuturu o ngā raraunga tairongo pēnei i te tauwāhi, ngā whanonga o te kainoho, ngā raraunga hauora rānei.
6. Ngā Mōrearea Tūmataitinga me te Kohikohi Raraunga Nui rawa
Ehara i te mea ko te haumarutanga pūnaha anake te kaupapa o te IoT, engari ko te tūmataitinga anō hoki. He maha ngā taputapu e kohi raraunga ana mō ngā whanonga a ngā kaiwhakamahi: te wā e noho ana te tangata ki te kāinga, ngā tauira moe, ngā huarahi haere, tae atu ki ngā rekoata reo. He mea tino nui ēnei raraunga ki ngā kaiwhakaeke me ētahi atu rōpū e rapu ana i te aroturuki, i te tinihanga rānei.
Ko te wero ko te māramatanga me te mana whakahaere. He maha ngā wā kāore ngā kaiwhakamahi e mōhio he aha ngā raraunga e kohia ana, me pēhea te penapena, me te hunga e tohaina ana. Ahakoa kua rongoatia haumaru ngā raraunga i roto i te kapua, kei te tūpono tonu te turuturu mai i te kaiwhakarato ratonga, nā te whirihoranga hē rānei.
7. Ngā Whatunga Pūkoro IoT me ngā Whakaekenga DDoS
Ko tētahi o ngā pānga tino kitea o te ngoikore o te haumarutanga o te IoT ko te putanga mai o ngā whatunga karetao, pērā i te Mirai rongonui, e whakaeke ana i ngā taputapu IoT me ngā kupuhipa taunoa, kātahi ka whakamahia hei whakahaere i ngā whakaekenga Whakakore Ratonga Tohatoha (DDoS). Ka taea e ngā whatunga karetao IoT te whakauru i ngā rau mano o ngā taputapu "matepukupuku", e mahi ana me te kore e mōhiotia e ō rātou rangatira.
Ka taea e ngā whakaekenga DDoS mai i ngā whatunga karetao IoT te whakararu i ngā ratonga nui, ngā paetukutuku nui, tae atu ki ngā hanganga whatunga. Nā te mea kua tohatohahia ngā taputapu IoT puta noa i ngā whenua maha, ā, he tokomaha ngā tāngata e pupuri ana i a rātou, he uaua te whai me te whakaiti i aua taputapu.
8. Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Pūnaha Hiranga me te Hangarau Whakahaere (OT)
I roto i te rāngai ahumahi, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te IoT ki ngā pūnaha OT, pērā i ngā pūnaha SCADA, ngā PLC, me ngā whatunga whakahaere wheketere. Ka whakapai ake tēnei whakaurunga i te whai huatanga, engari ki te kore e tika te hoahoa, ka taea e ia te whakatuwhera i ngā ara whakaeke mai i te whatunga IT ki te whatunga OT. Ehara i te turuturu raraunga anake te pānga, ā, ka arahi pea ki ngā whakararuraru mahi, ngā rahunga mīhini, tae atu ki ngā mōrearea haumaru.
Ko te wero, he maha ngā pūnaha OT tawhito kāore i hangaia hei hono atu ki te ipurangi. Ina whakauruhia ngā taputapu IoT hou ki ngā taiao tawhito, ka arahi pea ēnei ki ngā kore hototahitanga haumarutanga, te ngoikore o te wehewehenga whatunga, me ngā uauatanga aroturuki.
9. Te Kore o te Tirohanga me te Whakahaere o ngā Rawa
He maha ngā wā kāore i te tino kitea ngā taputapu IoT kua tāutahia i roto i ngā whakahaere. Ko ētahi taputapu ka hokona e ngā waeine motuhake, ka tāutahia e ngā kaihoko, ka whakamahia rānei mō te wā poto, kātahi ka warewarehia. Ki te kore tēnei tirohanga, ka noho ngā taputapu kāore i te whakahaerehia hei ngoikoretanga. Ka nui haere te wero nā ngā taputapu "IoT atarangi" e hono ana me te kore whakaae a te tīma haumarutanga.
Ki te kore he pūnaha whakahaere rawa, he uaua ki te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa here haumarutanga pēnei i ngā whakahōutanga, te hurihanga tohu, te wehewehenga, me te aroturukitanga o ngā waka.
10. Ngā Take Tangata me te Whirihoranga Hē
He maha ngā aituā haumarutanga e puta ana ehara i te mea nā ngā ngoikoretanga hangarau uaua, engari nā ngā whirihoranga hē. Tērā pea ka whakatuwherahia e ngā kaiwhakamahi kāinga ngā kāmera ki te ipurangi me te kore tiaki. Tērā pea ka whakahohehia e ngā kaiwhakahaere whakahaere ngā tauranga kore e hiahiatia, ka whakamahia ngā tiwhikete kua pau te wā, ka rongoa rānei ngā kī API ki ngā wāhi kāore i te haumaru. He maha ngā wā ka tomuri te mātauranga haumarutanga me ngā tikanga paerewa i te tere o te whakamahinga o te IoT.
Whakamutunga
He wero maha ngā āhuatanga o te haumarutanga whatunga IoT: e kapi ana i ngā taputapu, ngā whatunga, ngā kapua, ngā kawa, te whakahaere raraunga, tae atu ki ngā whanonga a ngā kaiwhakamahi. Nā te whānui o te whakaeke, te iti o te wātea o ngā taputapu, te ngoikore o te manatoko, ngā whakahoutanga iti, me te wehewehenga o ngā kaihoko, ka noho ngoikore te IoT ki te whakamahi kino. Ka taea e ngā pānga te ahu mai i te tahae raraunga, te whakararuraru ratonga, tae atu ki ngā tūmomo mōrearea ki te haumaru i roto i te rāngai ahumahi.
Hei whakatika i ēnei wero, me whānui te huarahi haumarutanga IoT: mai i te hoahoa taputapu haumaru me ngā whakahōu pūmanawa ngāwari, te whakamunatanga kaha, te wehewehe whatunga, te aroturuki tonu, me te ako kaiwhakamahi. Mā te rautaki tika, ka taea tonu e te IoT te whakarato i ngā painga nui me te kore e whakararu i te haumarutanga me te tūmataitinga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga hangarau "rautaki whakaiti" (hei tauira, te whakatinanatanga Kore Whakawhirinaki mō te IoT, ngā tiwhikete taputapu, te NAC, me ngā mahi pai mō te wehewehenga VLAN) i runga i te horopaki: kāinga atamai, tari, ahumahi rānei.
