Ngā Tauhohenga Matū e Puta Ana i roto i ngā Pūhiko
Kua noho ko ngā pākahiko hei tētahi o ngā mahi auaha nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori o te tangata, e whakakaha ana i ngā taputapu mai i ngā wati ki ngā motuka hiko. Ko te mea nui ki te mahi a te pākahiko ko ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana i roto. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tauhohenga matū e ahu mai ana i te mahi a ngā momo pākahiko.
He Hītori Poto o ngā Pūhiko
I hangaia te pākahiko tuatahi e Alessandro Volta i te tau 1800. Nāna i hanga te "Voltaic Pile," i whakamahi i tētahi puranga pereti parahi me te konutea i wehea e te kakahu i ruia ki roto i te wai tote. Nā tēnei mahi auaha i whakatakoto te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā pākahiko whai hua ake, ka taea te kawe.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o ngā Pūhiko
Ko te kaupapa matua o ngā pākahiko katoa ko te whakaputa hiko mā te tauhohenga matū. E toru ngā wāhanga matua o ia pākahiko: he anode, he cathode, me te electrolyte.
– Ko te anode te irahiko kino e tuku ana i ngā irahiko i te wā o te tauhohenga hiko.
– Ko te katote te irahiko pai e whiwhi ana i ngā irahiko.
– He reo irirangi te irahiko e āhei ai te nekehanga o ngā katote i waenga i te anode me te cathode, e āwhina ana i ngā tauhohenga matū.
Ko ngā tauhohenga e puta ana i roto i te pākahiko e kiia ana ko ngā tauhohenga redox (whakaiti-waikura). I te anode, ka puta he tauhohenga waikura, i te cathode ia, ka puta he tauhohenga whakaiti.
Pūhiko Kawakore
Ko ngā pākahiko kawakore tētahi o ngā momo pākahiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana. He mea whakamahi noa ēnei i roto i ngā taputapu iti te mana pērā i ngā mana mamao pouaka whakaata me ngā rama.
Ngā Kōwae
– Anode: Konutea (Zn)
– Katote: Hauhā konupora (MnO₂)
– Irahiko: Pāhare pākawa waro (KOH)
Tauhohenga Matū
I roto i te pākahiko kawakore, ko te tauhohenga e puta ana ko:
– Ānōti (Waihāora):
Zn (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq) → Zn(OH)₂ (s) + 2 e⁻
– Katote (Whakaiti):
2 MnO₂ (s) + 2 H₂O (l) + 2 e⁻ → 2 MnO(OH) (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq)
Ko te tauhohenga katoa i puta ko:
Zn(s) + 2 MnO₂(s) → ZnO(s) + Mn₂O₃(s)
I roto i tēnei tauhohenga, ka waikuratia te konutea i te anode hei whakaputa i te waikura konutea (ZnO), ko te hauhā manganese i te cathode ka whakaititia hei Mn₂O₃.
Pūhiko Waikawa Mata
Ko ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata te momo pākahiko e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā waka hei pūtake hiko tīmatanga. He maha hoki ngā wā ka kitea ēnei pākahiko i roto i ngā pūnaha rokiroki hiko i roto i te UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies).
Ngā Kōwae
– Āwhata: Mata (Pb)
– Katote: Hauhā mata (PbO₂)
– Irahiko: Waikawa whanariki (H₂SO₄)
Tauhohenga Matū
I roto i te pākahiko waikawa mata, ko te tauhohenga e puta ana ko:
– Ānōti (Waihāora):
Pb(s) + SO₄²⁻ (aq) → PbSO₄(s) + 2 e⁻
– Katote (Whakaiti):
PbO₂ (s) + SO₄²⁻ (aq) + 4 H⁺ (aq) + 2 e⁻ → PbSO₄ (s) + 2 H₂O (l)
Ko te tauhohenga katoa i puta ko:
Pb(s) + PbO₂(s) + 2 H₂SO₄ (aq) → 2 PbSO₄ (s) + 2 H₂O (l)
Ka mahi te waikawa whanariki hei irahiko, e āwhina ana i te whakawhiti i ngā katote i waenga i te anode me te cathode. Ina whakakīia anō te pākahiko, ka hurihia tēnei tauhohenga, ka whakahokia te Pb me te PbO₂ ki ō rātou irahiko.
Pūhiko Ritiumu-Ion
Ko ngā pākahiko lithium-ion tētahi o ngā momo pākahiko hou rongonui, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko kawe pērā i ngā waea pūkoro, ngā pona, me ngā motuka hiko.
Ngā Kōwae
– Anode: He karāpiti kua whakauruhia ki ngā katote lithium (LiC₆)
– Katote: He totoka paparanga pērā i te konutai konutai lithium (LiCoO₂), te konutai konutai lithium (LiMn₂O₄), te konutai rino lithium rānei (LiFePO₄)
– Irahikohiko: He ranunga wai o ngā pūmua kei roto ngā tote konukōreiti.
Tauhohenga Matū
I roto i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, ko ngā tauhohenga ka puta ko:
– Anode (Tukunga):
LiC₆ → C₆ + Li⁺ + e⁻
– Katote (Tukunga):
LiCoO₂ + Li⁺ + e⁻ → LiCoO₂
Ko te tauhohenga katoa i puta i te wā o te tukunga ko:
C₆Li + LiCoO₂ → C₆ + CoO₂ + Li₂O
Ka puta te tauhohenga whakamuri ina whakakīia anō te pākahiko. I te wā e whakakīia ana, ka hoki ngā iona-litium ki te anode karāpeti mai i te katote.
Pūhiko Nikara-Katimu (NiCd)
Kua roa te whakamahinga o ngā pākahiko nikara-kāmium mō ngā mahi e hiahia ana kia auau ngā huringa utu-me-te tukunga, pērā i ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hauora.
Ngā Kōwae
– Anode: Cadmium (Cd)
– Katote: Waikawa nikara (NiO(OH))
– Irahiko: Pāhare pākawa waro (KOH)
Tauhohenga Matū
I roto i te pākahiko Nickel-Cadmium, ko te tauhohenga e puta ana ko:
– Ānōti (Waihāora):
Cd (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq) → Cd(OH)₂ (s) + 2 e⁻
– Katote (Whakaiti):
2 NiO(OH)(s) + 2 H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻ → 2 Ni(OH)₂(s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq)
Ko te tauhohenga katoa i puta ko:
Cd (s) + 2 NiO(OH) (s) + 2 H₂O (l) → Cd(OH)₂ (s) + 2 Ni(OH)₂ (s)
I roto i tēnei tauhohenga, ka waikuratia te cadmium i te anode hei cadmium hydroxide, ko te nickel oxide hydroxide i te cathode ka whakaititia hei nickel hydroxide.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a ngā pākahiko i roto i ō tātou oranga hou, ā, ko te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana i roto i a rātou te mea nui ki te whakawhanake i ngā hangarau whai hua ake. Ahakoa he pākahiko kawakore noa iho, he pākahiko lithium-ion matatau rānei, ka whakawhirinaki ngā pākahiko katoa ki te kaupapa matua o ngā tauhohenga redox hei whakaputa hiko. Mā te whanaketanga o te rangahau me te auahatanga hangarau, ka taea e tātou te tumanako ka nui ake te whai hua, te roa, me te pai ki te taiao o ngā pākahiko o te heke mai.
Mā te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matū kei muri i ēnei pākahiko, ka taea e tātou te maioha ake ki te hangarau e whakakaha ana i ngā āhuatanga maha o tō tātou oranga o ia rā.
