Ngā Painga me ngā Tūponotanga o te Hau Haukini
He matū te hau haukinia, ko te tikanga NH₃ tōna, he kakara kawa, he ngāwari hoki te mōhio. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te haukinia i roto i ngā momo ahumahi, ahuwhenua, me ngā whare. Heoi, ahakoa ōna painga nui, he nui ngā tūponotanga kino kei roto i te haukinia ki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao mēnā kāore e tika te whakahaere. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā painga o te haukinia me ōna tūponotanga pea, me ngā mahi whakatūpato taketake.
He aha te hau haukini?
He hau kawakore te haukini, he hau kawakore, he tino wairewa ki te wai. Ina rewa, ka hangaia e te haukini he wairewa waikura o te haukini hauwai (NH₄OH). I roto i te taiao, ka hangaia te haukini mai i te pirau o ngā mea rauropi (pēnei i te para kai, te para kararehe, me ngā tinana) e ngā moroiti. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka kitea te hau haukini i roto i ngā whare kararehe, i ngā whenua ururua, i ngā pūnaha para wai rānei.
I roto i te ahumahi, ka whakaputaina te haukini i runga i te tauine nui mā te whakamahi i te tukanga Haber-Bosch, he tauhohenga i waenga i te hauota (N₂) me te hauwai (H₂) i te pāmahana me te pēhanga teitei mā te whakamahi i te whakakorikori. Nā tēnei whakaputanga papatipu ka waiho te haukini hei tetahi o ngā matū ahumahi tino nui o te ao.
Ngā Hua o te Hau Haukini
1. Ngā Rauemi Mata mō ngā Tongi Ahuwhenua
Ko te whakamahinga nui o te haukinia ko te mea matua i roto i ngā maniua hauota. He mea nui te hauota mō te tipu o ngā tipu, inā koa mō te hanganga rau me te chlorophyll. Ka whakamahia te haukinia hei hanga i ngā momo maniua, pēnei i:
– Urea
– Haukiniuma pākawa
– Haukinia whanariki
– Haukiniuma pākawa
Ki te kore ngā maniua haukini, ka tino heke te hua o ngā mahi ahuwhenua o ēnei rā. He maha ngā whenua e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā maniua hauota hei whakatutuki i ngā matea kai a ō rātou taupori.
2. Ngā Pouaka Whakamatao i roto i te Ahumahi
Ka whakamahia te haukini hei hau whakamatao me te waehere R-717 i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamatao ahumahi, hei tauira i roto i:
– te wheketere kai tio,
– whare putunga rokiroki makariri,
– te ahumahi tukatuka mīti me te ika,
– wheketere hukapapa.
I whiriwhiria te haukinia nā tōna kaha mimiti wera nui me te pai o te whai huatanga o te pāmahana. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi haumātao hangai, e kiia ana hoki te haukinia he pai ake te taiao i runga i te kaha ki te whakamahana ā-ao (GWP) nā te iti rawa o tōna uara. Heoi, me whai paerewa haumaru teitei tōna whakamahinga nā ōna āhuatanga paitini me te waikura.
3. Ngā Rauemi Horoi me te Whakakore i te Kino
I ētahi kukū, ka whakamahia te haukini hei horoi, hei tauira, hei tango i te hinu, i ngā paru uaua, i te paru rānei mai i te karāhe me ngā mata papa. Kei roto i ētahi hua o te whare te haukini nā tōna kaha ki te whakarewa i te hinu me te paru.
Heoi, he mea nui kia maumahara, me whai i ngā tohutohu kei runga i te tapanga ina whakamahi ana i ngā kai horoi haukini. Mā te whakaranu i te haukini me ētahi atu kai (pērā i te wai mākū chlorine) ka puta he hau kino.
4. Ahumahi Matū me te Rongoā
He rauemi mata, he matū rānei te haukini i roto i ngā tukanga matū maha, hei tauira, i roto i te hanga o:
– ētahi kirihou me ngā muka hangai,
– ngā mea pahū ā-umanga (mā roto i ngā mea i ahu mai i ngā matū pēnei i te ammonium nitrate),
– tae,
– ngā matū mō te maimoatanga wai,
– he maha ngā wāhanga o te hanganga i roto i te umanga rongoā.
Mā te noho mai o te haukini ka taea te whakaputa i ngā taonga nui e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā, ahakoa kāore e kitea tika ana e ngā kaihoko.
5. Te Maimoatanga Wai me te Para
He mahi nui tā te haukini me ōna hua i roto i ētahi tukanga maimoatanga wai. Heoi, ka taea hoki e te haukini te noho hei parahanga. Nō reira, i roto i ngā tipu maimoatanga wai para (WWTP), ka aro turukihia, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā taumata haukini mā roto i ngā tukanga koiora (nitrification-denitrification) hei ārai i te parahanga taiao.
Ngā Tūponotanga o te Hau Haukini
Ahakoa he pai, he kaha te whakapataritari i te hau haukini, ā, ka taea te paitini i ētahi taumata. Tērā pea ka puta ngā mōrearea pānga i roto i ngā ahumahi, i ngā kararehe, i ngā taiwhanga, i ngā whare rānei (ngā hua horoi).
1. Te Tūponotanga ki te Pūnaha Manawa
Ka taea e te hau haukini te whakapataritari i te ihu, te korokoro, me ngā pukahukahu. Ka taea e te pānga ngawari te puta:
- maremare,
– te ahua wera i roto i te ihu me te korokoro,
- he uaua ki te manawa,
– ngā kanohi waiwai.
Ka pā mai pea ēnei āhuatanga mēnā ka roa, ka nui rānei te pānga ki:
– te whakawhāiti i ngā ara manawa (bronchospasm),
– te pupuhi o te pūkahukahu (te kohikohinga wai i roto i ngā pūkahukahu),
– te kino nui o te kiko o te pukahukahu.
Nā te mea he wairewa te haukini i te wai, ka tere te tauhohe ki te makuku i roto i te ara manawa me ngā kiriuhi mucous, ka tere te riri.
2. Te riri o ngā kanohi me te kiri
He mea morearea hoki te haukini ina pā ki ngā kanohi me te kiri, inā koa i roto i ngā wairewa kukū, i ngā āhua hau rānei i ngā kukū teitei. Ko ngā pānga pea ko:
- ngā kanohi mamae me te whero,
– te mōrearea o ngā wera matū ki te kornea,
– he kiri mākūkū, he whero, he pupuhi hoki.
Ki te uru ki ngā kanohi, ka taea tēnei āhuatanga te noho hei āhuatanga ohorere hauora nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakararu i te tirohanga tuturu ki te kore e rongoatia wawetia.
3. Te Mōrearea o te Paitini me te Whakararuraru Kino
Ka taea e te pānga o te haukini ki ngā kukū nui te whakararuraru, te whakapairuaki, te ruaki, tae noa ki te ngaronga o te māramatanga. Mēnā ka puta he turuturu nui i roto i tētahi whare ahumahi, ka horapa tere te hau haukini, ā, ka tū hei mōrearea ki ngā kaimahi me te hapori huri noa, inā koa i ngā wāhi kua kati, kāore rānei i te pai te hau.
I ngā wā tino kino, ka mate pea te tangata i te pānga ohorere.
4. Ngā Tauhohenga Morearea ki Ētahi Atu Matū
Ko tētahi tūponotanga noa o te whare ko te whakaranu i ngā kaihoroi kei roto te haukini me te wai mākū kei roto te chlorine. Ka taea e tēnei ranunga te whakaputa i ngā hau paitini (pērā i te chloramine) ka whakapataritari, ka kino hoki te ara manawa.
Nō reira, ko ngā mātāpono nui mō te whakamahi i ngā rauemi horoi ko:
– kaua e whakaranua noatia ngā hua,
– pānuihia te tapanga,
– whakamahia te hauhautanga pai.
5. Pānga ki te Taiao
Ka taea e te haukini te huri hei parahanga ina tukuna ki te rangi me te wai. I roto i te taiao:
– Ka taea e te haukini te whakaputa i tētahi haunga whakarihariha, inā koa i te taha o ngā kararehe me ngā wāhi penapena para.
– I roto i te wai, he paitini te nui o te haukini ki ngā ika me ngā mea ora o te wai.
– Ka taea hoki e te haukini te whai wāhi ki te hanganga o ngā matūriki angiangi (PM2.5) i roto i te āhuarangi mā roto i ngā tauhohenga ki ētahi atu matū, ka pā ki te kounga o te hau.
Te Haumaru Taketake me te Ārai
Hei whiwhi i ngā painga o te haukini me te kore e pā kino, he mea nui kia whakatinanahia ngā mahi haumaru e whai ake nei:
1. He pai te hauhautanga
Whakamahia te haukini ki tētahi wāhi tuwhera, ki tētahi wāhi e pai ana te hau. Kaua e hongihia ngā kohu.
2. Whakamahia ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE)
I te taiao mahi: he kopare/manawa e tika ana, he karu tiaki, he karapu ātete ki ngā matū, me ngā kākahu tiaki.
3. Kaua e whakaranua ngā kai horoi
Kaua rawa e whakaranua te haukini ki te wai mākū harore, ki ngā waikawa kaha rānei.
4. Penapenahia kia tika
Penapenahia ngā hua haukini ki roto i ngā ipu kua kati pūmau, kia kore e taea e ngā tamariki te toro atu, ā, kia kaua hoki e wera rawa.
5. Te urupare ohorere ki ngā turuturu
Mēnā ka turuturu nui te haukini, whakawātea i te rohe, karohia ngā ahunga hau e kawe ana i te hau, ka whakapā atu ki ngā mana whakahaere, ki te tīma K3 rānei.
Whakamutunga
He matū nui te hau haukini i roto i te ao hou. Ka āwhina i te whakanui ake i ngā hua ahuwhenua mā te whakamahinga hei tongi hauota, ka whakapai ake i te pai o te whakamatao ahumahi, ā, ka tautoko i ngā tukanga matū me te horoi. Heoi anō, he nui ngā mōrearea o te haukini: ka whakapataritari i te ara manawa, ka kino ngā kanohi me te kiri, ka taea te whakaputa paitini, ā, ka pā ki te taiao mēnā ka tukuna kia kore e whakahaeretia.
Ko te mea nui ki te whakamahi tika i te haukini ko te whakamahinga tika, te piri ki ngā tikanga haumaru, me te aroturuki i ngā tikanga kukū me te rokiroki. Mā tēnei, ka taea te whakanui ake i ōna painga me te kore e whakararu i te hauora me te haumaru o te tangata, te pumau rānei o te taiao.
