Ngā Painga me ngā Tūponotanga o te Waikawa Whāriki
Ko te waikawa whanariki (H₂SO₄) tētahi o ngā matū tino nui i roto i ngā ahumahi hou. He tino waikura tēnei wai kore tae, he wai kōwhai paku rānei, ā, he kaha te tauhohe ki ngā matū maha. Nā te whānui o ōna whakamahinga—mai i te hanga tongi ki te whakamahine hinu—e kiia ana te waikawa whanariki ko te "tuara" o te ahumahi matū. Heoi, ahakoa ōna painga nui, he nui ngā mōrearea o te waikawa whanariki ki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao mēnā kāore e tika te whakahaere. Ka whakatauritehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā painga me ngā mōrearea o te waikawa whanariki kia pai ai te whakamahi haumaru me te tika.
Te Mōhio ki te Waikawa Whāriki me ōna Āhuatanga
He waikawa kaha te waikawa whanariki. Ko te tikanga, ina rewa ki te wai, ka tukuna he nui o ngā iona hauwai, ka hua ake he otinga he tino iti te pH. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga ahurei ko ōna āhuatanga tino waikura me te whakamaroke - ka "toia" e te waikawa whanariki te wai mai i ētahi atu matū. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka whai hua mō ngā tukanga ahumahi maha, engari ka tino morearea hoki ina pā ki ngā kiko o te tinana.
Kei te wātea te waikawa whanariki i roto i ngā kukū rerekē. I roto i te ahumahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki kukū (tata ki te 98%). Tērā anō te momo e kiia nei ko te "waikawa whanariki paowa" (oleum), kei roto ko te whanariki toruora (SO₃) ā, he kaha ake te tauhohe. Ko te rerekētanga o te kukū he pānga nui ki te taumata o te mōrearea me te āhua o te whakahaere.
Ngā Hua o te Waikawa Whāriki i ngā Marae Rerekē
1. Ngā Kai Matua mō te Hanga Tongi
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga nui rawa atu o te waikawa whanariki ko te umanga tongi. Ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki hei hanga tongi phosphate pēnei i te superphosphate, ā, he wāhanga matua anō hoki i roto i te hanga o te ammonium sulfate. Ka āwhina tēnei tongi ki te whakarato i ngā matūkai nui o te tipu, ā, ka piki ake te hua ahuwhenua. Ki te kore he hanga waikawa whanariki nui, ka heke te wātea o ngā tongi, ka pā ki te haumarutanga kai.
2. Te Tukatuka me te Whakamahinga Hinu
I roto i te umanga hinu, ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki i roto i te tukanga alkylation hei whakaputa i ngā wāhanga penehīni octane teitei. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakamahi i te waikawa whanariki i roto i te whakamahine hei tango i ētahi poke. Mā tēnei mahi ka tautoko i te whakaputa wahie me te kounga pumau ake, ā, ka tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga me te mahi miihini.
3. Te Tukatuka Konganuku me te Horoi Mata (Pikiriki)
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te waikawa whanariki hei horoi i ngā mata whakarewa, inā koa te maitai, i te waikura me ngā putunga waikura i mua i te whakakikorua, i te whakapūkara rānei. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga ko te pickling. Ka whakapai ake te mata ma i te piri o te paninga, ā, ka whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua whakarewa.
4. Te Irahiko i roto i te Pūhiko (Pūhiko Waikawa-Mata)
Ko te waikawa whanariki te irahiko i roto i ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata, pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā motuka. I roto i ngā pākahiko, he mahi nui tā te waikawa whanariki i roto i te tauhohenga matū e whakaputa ana i te pūngao hiko. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia tonutia tēnei hangarau pākahiko nā te mea he iti te utu, he ngāwari ki te hangarua, me te kaha ki te whakarato i te iahiko teitei i te tīmatanga o te miihini.
5. Te Hanga i Ētahi Atu Matū
He takawaenga te waikawa whanariki i roto i te hanga o ngā hua matū maha: ngā hopi horoi, ngā tae, ētahi mea pahū, ngā rongoā, tae atu ki ngā kirihou me ngā muka hangai. He maha ngā tauhohenga matū e hiahia ana ki te waikawa whanariki hei whakakorikori, hei kaiwhakakawa rānei hei whakahaere i te pH o te tukanga.
6. Te Maimoatanga Wai me te Para Ahumahi
I roto i ētahi whare maimoatanga wai, ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki hei whakaheke i te pH, hei whakakore i ngā kawakawa taikaha, hei āwhina rānei i ētahi tukanga whakapūmau. I roto i te ahumahi, he mea nui te whakahaere tika i te pH hei ārai i te hanganga unahi, te waikura kāore e hiahiatia, te whakapai ake rānei i te mahi a te tukanga.
Ngā Tūponotanga o te Waikawa Whāriki mō te Hauora
Ahakoa he whai hua, he mea morearea, he mea paitini hoki te waikawa whanariki (he waikura), ehara i te mea he paitini pūnaha pērā i ētahi atu matū, engari nā te mea ka kino tika te kiko.
1. Ngā wera kiri
Ka taea e te pā o te waikawa whanariki ki te kiri te whakararu i ngā wera matū kino. Mēnā he nui ngā kukū, ka tere te kino: ka puta he pupuhi kiri, he mangu, he pirau kiri. Ka taea e ōna āhuatanga maroke te kukume i te wai mai i ngā kiko, ka nui ake te kino.
2. Te kino o te kanohi
Ahakoa he iti noa te tauhiuhi ka pā mai he riri nui, he mamae, he kino hoki ki te kornea. He tino tūpono te matapo tuturu mena kāore e arohia tonutia te pānga mā te horoi tika me te tere. Nō reira, he mea whakahau kia mau he karu tiaki, he ārai kanohi rānei i te wāhi mahi.
3. Mōrearea Manawa (Manawa)
Ka taea e te kohu, te kohu rānei o te waikawa whanariki te whakapataritari i te ara manawa. Ka taea e te pānga te whakaoho i te maremare, te poto o te manawa, te mumura o te pūkahukahu, ā, i ngā wā kino, te pupuhi o te pūkahukahu. Kua honoa hoki te pānga roa ki te kohu waikawa whanariki ki te mate manawa me te pikinga ake o te mōrearea o ētahi raruraru hauora i roto i ngā kaimahi ahumahi mena kāore i te rawaka ngā whakahaere.
4. Te Mōrearea Horomia
Ki te horomia, ka taea e te waikawa whanariki te kino i te waha, te korokoro, me te puku. He āhuatanga ohorere hauora tēnei. Ka taea e ngā wera o roto te whakaputa toto, te pakaru, me ētahi atu raruraru kino.
Ngā Tūponotanga o te Waikawa Whāriki ki te Taiao
1. Whakaiti i te pH o te oneone me te wai
Ka taea e ngā maringi waikawa whanariki te whakakawa i te oneone me ngā wai. Mēnā he iti rawa te pH, ka mate pea ngā rauropi wai, ka kino ngā moroiti oneone nui, ka whakararuraru hoki i ngā pūnaha rauropi. Ka pāngia hoki ngā pakiaka tipu, ka whakaroa i te tipu.
2. Te Waikura o te Hanganga
Ka tere ake te waikura o ngā paipa, ētahi hanganga raima, me ngā hanganga whakarewa i te waikawa whanariki. Mēnā ka turuturu, ka nui te kino o te whare, ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o ētahi atu aituā.
3. Ngā Tauhohenga Morearea ki Ētahi Atu Matū
Ka tauhohe kaha te waikawa whanariki ki ngā rauemi maha, inā koa ngā turanga, ētahi konganuku, me ngā matū rauropi. Ka taea e ngā tauhohenga ki ngā konganuku te whakaputa hau hauwai mura. He tino werawera hoki ngā tauhohenga ki te wai (te tuku wera), nō reira ka taea e te whakaranu hē te whakaputa mura me te koropupū ohorere.
Ngā Mātāpono Haumaru mō te Whakahaere i te Waikawa Whāriki
Kia whiwhi ai i ngā painga o te waikawa whanariki me te kore he kino, me mātua whai i ngā tikanga haumaru tino pakari:
1. Whakamahia ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro katoa: ngā karapu ātete matū, te tiaki kanohi/whakamarumaru kanohi, te ēperona, te kākahu rānei ātete waikawa, me ngā hu tiaki.
2. Te hauhautanga rawaka: inā koa i ngā wāhi ka puta pea te kohu waikawa.
3. Ngā ture tika mō te whakaranu: ringihia te waikawa ki roto i te wai, kaua te wai ki roto i te waikawa, hei ārai i te tauhiuhi nā te wera o te tauhohenga.
4. Rokiroki haumaru: he ipu ātete-waikura, kua kati pūmau, kia matara atu i ngā turanga, i ngā konganuku tauhohe me ngā rauemi mura.
5. Te urupare ohorere: Whakaratohia he teihana horoi kanohi me ngā kaukau haumaru. Me mārama ngā kaimahi ki ngā tikanga āwhina tuatahi.
6. Te whakahaere para: me tutuki ngā ture mō te whakakorenga me te whakakorenga kia kore ai e kino te taiao.
Te Katinga
He matū nui te waikawa whanariki mō te ahuwhenua, te pūngao, te hanga, tae noa ki te maimoatanga wai. Ki te kore, he maha ngā hua o ia rā—ngā tongi, ngā wahie, ngā pākahiko, tae atu ki ngā momo matū rerekē—ka uaua ki te whakaputa pai. Heoi, nā tōna āhua waikura nui ka kino ki te tangata me te taiao mēnā ka pāngia, ka maringi, ka hē rānei te whakahaere. Ko te mea nui ki te whakamahinga o te waikawa whanariki ko te whakahaere mōrearea: te PPE tika, ngā tikanga mahi tika, ngā pūnaha hauhautanga me te rokiroki haumaru, me te whakarite mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Mā te huarahi whai tikanga me te kawenga, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā painga nui o te waikawa whanariki me te kore e whakararu i te haumaru me te pumau o te taiao.
