Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Matū Etera hei Rongoā Whakamarie
Ko ngā matū etera he momo matū waro he hanganga ahurei kei roto i te āhua o te ngota hāora e hono ana i ngā rōpū alkyl, aryl rānei e rua, e tuhia ana ko R–O–R'. I roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao hauora, he mea nui te mahi a te etera nā te mea he rongoā whakangote rongonui, he rongoā hou hoki i mua. Ahakoa kua whakakapia te whakamahinga e ngā rongoā whakangote hou he haumaru ake, he ngāwari ake hoki te whakahaere, he tauira matarohia tonu te etera e whakamārama ana me pēhea te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono matū ki ngā matea hauora, inā koa ki te whakamamae i te mamae i te wā pokanga.
Te Mōhio ki ngā Matū Etera me ō rātou Āhuatanga
I te nuinga o te wā, he pūhui āhua pūngāwerewere ngā etera, he kakara motuhake, ā, he maha ngā wā ka mura. Ko tētahi o ngā etera tino rongonui i te ao rongoā whakamoe ko te diethyl etera, ko tōna tauira matū ko C₂H₅–O–C₂H₅. He iti te pāmahana kohua o te diethyl etera (tata ki te 34–35°C), nō reira ka tere te mimiti i te pāmahana rūma. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka pai te whakamahi i te diethyl etera hei rongoā whakamoe manawa, nā te mea ka taea e te tūroro te hongi i te kohu, ka taea ai te tomo wawe ki roto i ngā pukahukahu, kātahi ki roto i te toto, ā, i te mutunga ka pā ki te pūnaha io matua.
Haunga tōna āhua pōturi, he tino lipophilic hoki te diethyl ether (he ngāwari te wairewa ki te ngako). He nui ngā lipid kei roto i ngā kiko io, inā koa ngā kiriuhi pūtau neuronal. Nā te āhua wairewa-lipid o te ether ka taea e tēnei matū te uru ki ngā kiriuhi pūtau me te pā ki te mahi a te roro, ā, ka mutu ka puta he pānga whakamoe pēnei i te ngaronga o te māramatanga me te whakaiti i te urupare ki te mamae.
Te Hītori o te Whakamahinga o te Ether hei Rongoā Whakamoemiti
He tohu nui te whakamahinga o te ether hei rongoā whakangote i roto i te hītori o te pokanga. I te rautau 19, i mua i te wātea whānuitia o te rongoā whakangote, he maha ngā wā ka mahia ngā pokanga i te wā e ara ana te tūroro. Nā te mamae nui i tino mamae ai ngā mahi pokanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake te tere i te tika.
I te tau 1846, i tū te whakaaturanga tūmatanui mō te whakamahinga o te diethyl ether hei rongoā whakangote i roto i te pokanga i te Hōhipera Whānui o Massachusetts i te Hononga o Amerika. I mōhiotia tēnei huihuinga ko te "Rā Ether" ā, i tohu i tētahi wā hītori i tohu i tētahi wā hou i roto i te rongoā. Mai i taua wā, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te ether i roto i ngā hōhipera nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakangote i ngā tūroro, ā, ka taea e ngā tākuta te mahi pokanga me te marino me te tika.
He pēhea te mahi a te Ether hei rongoā whakamoe?
Ahakoa kāore i te tino mārama te tikanga mahi a ngā rongoā whakamoe, ko te tikanga ka mahi te ether mā te pehi i te mahi a te pūnaha io matua. Ko ōna pānga ko te whakamoe, te ngaronga o te māramatanga, te whakangā o ngā uaua, me te heke o ngā urupare mamae.
I roto i te rongoā whakamoe manawa, ka hongihia e te tūroro te kohu etera e tukuna ana mā te kopare. Ka uru te kohu ki roto i ngā alveoli o ngā pukahukahu, ka horapa ki roto i te toto, kātahi ka haria ki te roro. I roto i te roro, ka pā te etera ki te tuku tohu i waenga i ngā neuron, tae atu ki te whakarerekētanga o ngā hongere ion me ētahi kaiwhakawhiwhi e whai wāhi ana ki te hinengaro me te kite i te mamae. Nō reira, ka pāngia te tūroro e te hekenga o te hinengaro, ā, kāore he mamae i te wā e pokangahia ana.
Haunga te whakaputa i te rongoā whakamoe, ka taea hoki e te ether te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga o ngā pānga e mōhiotia ana i roto i te rongoā whakamoe matarohia: te wāhanga whakamoe (te whakaiti i te mamae), te wāhanga whakaoho (tērā pea ka noho pōrearea, ka neke rānei te tūroro), te wāhanga rongoā whakamoe pokanga (kāore te tūroro i te mōhio, ā, kāore e aro ki te mamae), me te wāhanga whakaiti o te medullary (he morearea nā te mea ka taea te pehi i te manawa). E whakaatu ana ēnei wāhanga he mea nui te horopeta me te whakahaere i te whakahaerenga o te ether mō te haumaru o te tūroro.
Te Whakamahinga Matua o te Ether hei Whakamamae
Ko te whakamahinga matua o te Ether he rongoā whakangā mō ngā pokanga. I te wā e whakamahia whānuitia ana, i whakamahia te ether i roto i ngā pokanga whānui, ngā pokanga ohorere, tae noa ki ngā pokanga nui e hiahia ana kia kore e mōhio, kia kore hoki e mamae ngā tūroro.
Ko ētahi o ngā take i tino whai hua ai te etera:
1. Pānga kaha o te rongoā whakamoe: Ka taea e Ether te whakaputa i te rongoā whakamoe hōhonu mō te pokanga, inā koa he iti tonu ngā kōwhiringa rongoā.
2. He ngāwari noa te hanga, he iti hoki te utu: Ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu matū i taua wā, he māmā ake te wātea me te ohanga o te ether.
3. Kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu uaua rawa: Ka taea te hoatu i te etera mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga māmā, hei tauira mā te whakamahi i tētahi kopare me te kakahu kua ringihia ki te etera.
4. Te āwhina i te whanaketanga o ngā mahi pokanga hou: Nā te taenga mai o te rongoā whakamoe ether, ka taea e ngā tākuta te mahi i ngā pokanga roa ake, uaua ake hoki, me te kore e pāngia e te ātete, e te mamae rānei o te tūroro.
Ki te ao hauora, ehara i te mea he matū noa iho te etere, engari he "kuaha" ki te wā o te anesthesiology i taea ai te mahi pokanga i runga i te atawhai tangata me te pūtaiao.
Ngā Painga o te Etera ki te Whakatairite ki te Whakamamae Tawhito
I taua wā, he maha ngā painga o te ether i ngā tikanga tuku iho mō te whakamamae mamae. I mua i te whakamahinga o te rongoā whakangā, ko te waipiro, te opium, tae atu ki ngā mahi tino kino pērā i te pupuri i te tūroro me te mahi pokanga i te wā tere rawa atu. I puta he panoni nui i te ether, i whakaiti nui i te mamae, ā, i kore ai e mōhio te tūroro.
Ki te whakatauritea ki te chloroform, i whakamahia hoki hei rongoā whakangote i mua, e kiia ana he pai ake te haumaru o te ether mō te pehanga o te ngakau. Heoi anō, kei a ia tonu ētahi atu mōrearea nui, inā koa e pā ana ki te riri o te ara manawa me tōna mura.
Ngā Huakore me ngā Mōrearea o te Whakamahinga o te Etera
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao hauora, ka tīmata te heke o te whakamahinga o te ether hei rongoā whakangote nā ētahi ngoikoretanga nui:
1. Ka mura, ā, ka pahū pea
He tino mura te diethyl ether. I roto i ngā rūma pokanga, inā koa i ngā wā o mua i te wā i piki haere ai te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu hiko, he āwangawanga nui te mōrearea o te ahi. Ka mura pea ngā kohu ether mēnā ka pāngia e ngā mura.
2. Te riri o te ara manawa
Ka taea e te Ether te maremare, te whakanui ake i te hūpē, me te riri o te manawa. Ka uaua ake te whakaoho i te rongoā whakamoe (te tīmatanga o te rongoā whakamoe) ā, ka piki ake pea te tūponotanga o ngā raruraru.
3. Whakapairuaki me te ruaki i muri i te pokanga
He maha ngā tūroro e pāngia ana e te whakapairuaki me te ruaki i muri i te rongoā whakamoe. He tino hoha ēnei pānga taha, ā, ka taea te whakaroa i te whakaoranga.
4. Te puhoi o te whakaoho me te whakaora
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā rongoā whakamoe o ēnei rā, he puhoi ake te whakamahinga o te ether ki te whakatutuki i te taumata whakamoe e hiahiatia ana, ā, he puhoi ake hoki te whakamahinga o te ether ki te hoki mai ki te māramatanga.
5. Te hanganga o ngā peroxide kino i te wā e rongoa ana
Ka taea e te etera te hanga i ngā peroxide waro pahū. Nō reira, me whai tikanga haumaru motuhake te penapena i te etera.
Te Tūranga o Etera i ēnei Rā
I ēnei rā, kāore i te tino whakamahia te diethyl ether hei rongoā whakangote i roto i ngā hōhipera o ēnei rā, nā te mea kei te wātea mai ngā rongoā whakangote hau haumaru ake, whai hua ake hoki pērā i te sevoflurane, isoflurane, me te desflurane. He māmā ake te hoatu i ēnei rongoā, he iti ake ngā pānga taha, ā, kāore e rite te mōrearea ahi ki te ether.
Heoi anō, he mea nui tonu te etera i roto i te mātauranga hauora me te hītori. I roto i ngā akoranga matū me te rongoā, he maha ngā wā ka whakahuatia te etera hei tauira mō te āhua o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana—pērā i tōna pāmahana kohua iti me te wairewatanga o ngā ngako—ka taea te whakaputa pānga koiora. I ētahi wā iti, pērā i ngā wāhi he iti ngā whakaurunga i mua, i whakaarohia te etera nā te mea he iti te utu, ā, ka taea te whakahaere me ngā taputapu māmā noa iho, ahakoa kua onge haere tēnei mahi nā te pai ake o ngā paerewa haumaru hauora.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakamahinga o ngā matū etera hei rongoā whakangote, inā koa ko te diethyl etera, tētahi o ngā mahi auaha nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori hauora. Nā te etera i āhei ai ngā tūroro ki te mahi pokanga kore mamae, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā pokanga hou. Ko ōna painga tuatahi ko tōna kaha ki te rongoā whakangote, te whānui o te wātea, me te iti o te utu. Heoi, ko ngā mōrearea nui pērā i te mura, te riri o te manawa, me ngā pānga taha i muri i te pokanga i arahi ai ki te whakarērea i te mutunga hei whakakapi mō ngā rongoā whakangote hou haumaru ake.
Ahakoa he rauemi ako, he tuhinga hītori anō tōna tūranga i ēnei rā, he tohu nui tonu te etera mō te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao: mai i te matū waro noa iho ki te taputapu i whakarerekē i te mata o te rongoā, i whakapai ake hoki i te kounga o te oranga tangata mā roto i ngā tikanga pokanga haumaru ake, atawhai ake hoki.
