Te Mārama ki ngā Momo Rerekē o ngā Pūtea Pūtea
Ko te tāwharau he taputapu pūtea e ahu mai ana tōna uara i te uara o tētahi rawa taketake, pērā i te hea, te here, te taonga, te moni, te taupū mākete, te reiti huamoni rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei taputapu mō te whakahaere mōrearea, te whakapae, me ngā kaupapa whakatau-ā-ture. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā momo tāwharau pūtea me te taipitopito atu, tae atu ki ō rātou āhuatanga, whakamahinga, me ngā painga me ngā mōrearea.
1. Te Māramatanga Whānui mō ngā Hua Whakaputa
He kirimana pūtea te tāwharau i waenganui i te rua, neke atu rānei, nō tētahi rawa taketake motuhake te uara, te utu rānei. Ka taea te rerekē te uara o tēnei tāwharau i runga i ngā panonitanga o te utu o te rawa taketake. He mea noa te whakamahi i ngā tāwharau i roto i ngā mahi pūtea hei tiaki, hei whai hua rānei i ngā panonitanga utu. He rerekē ngā whakamahinga o ēnei tāwharau, mai i ngā rautaki ārai me te whakamahi hua ki te whakaaroaro noa iho.
2. Ngā Momo o ngā Hua Whakaputa
He maha ngā momo whakawhiti e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mākete pūtea. Ko ngā mea tino noa, ā, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā āmua, ngā kōwhiringa, ngā whakawhiti, me ngā whakawhiti whakamua. Me titiro tātou ki ia momo me ētahi atu taipitopito.
a. Ngā Āhuatanga o Mua
Ko ngā kirimana ā-mua he kirimana paerewa hei hoko, hei hoko atu rānei i tētahi rawa motuhake i tētahi rā me tētahi utu motuhake ā-muri. Ka hokohokohia ēnei kirimana i runga i ngā whakawhitinga paerewa pērā i te Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Ko te painga matua o ngā kirimana ā-mua ko te whakaiti i te mōrearea taunoa nā te mea ka whakakorehia mā roto i tētahi whare whakakore.
Fitur:
– Ngā kirimana paerewa me ētahi rahinga me ētahi kounga.
– I hokohokohia i runga i ngā whakawhitinga mana.
– Te whakamahi i te tawhē (te tawhē tīmatanga me te tawhē tiaki).
Putanga:
– Te māramatanga o ngā utu.
– Te nui o te moni whiwhi i roto i te whakawhitinga moni.
mōrea:
– Tērā pea ka nui ake ngā mate ka puta i te haumitanga tuatahi.
– Ka pāngia e ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu.
b. Ngā Kōwhiringa
Ko ngā kōwhiringa he kirimana e tuku ana i te mana, engari ehara i te herenga, ki te hoko, ki te hoko rānei i tētahi rawa i tētahi utu kua whakaritea i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. E rua ngā momo kōwhiringa: ko ngā kōwhiringa karanga me ngā kōwhiringa put. Mā ngā kōwhiringa karanga ka hoatu te mana ki te hoko, ko ngā kōwhiringa put ia ka hoatu te mana ki te hoko.
Fitur:
– Ngā kōwhiringa karanga me ngā kōwhiringa tuku.
– Kāore te kaipupuri kōwhiringa e whai kawenga ki te whakatinana i te kirimana.
– Ko te utu mō ngā kōwhiringa he utu ā-mua.
Putanga:
– He ngāwari teitei me te iti o te pūmanawa mōrearea (he iti noa ki ngā utu kōwhiringa).
– He huarahi iti ake te utu mō te haumi, te hokohoko rānei.
mōrea:
– Te ngaronga o te moni kōwhiringa mēnā kāore te kirimana e whakatinanatia.
– Ngā mōrearea gamma me te vega i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino piki me te heke o te utu.
c. Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti
Ko ngā whakawhiti moni he kirimana e whakaae ana ngā rōpū e rua ki te whakawhiti moni, ki ngā nama rānei mai i ngā rawa pūtea rerekē e rua. Ko ngā momo tino noa ko ngā whakawhiti reiti huamoni me ngā whakawhiti moni.
Fitur:
– Te whakawhiti i ngā reiti huamoni i runga i ngā reiti huamoni pumau, ngā reiti huamoni taupua rānei.
– Ko ngā whakawhitiwhiti moni e uru ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti i te moni matua/moni tāwāhi me ngā rerenga moni huamoni.
Putanga:
– Te whakahaere i te mōrearea o te reiti huamoni, te moni ke rānei.
– Ka taea te whakarite kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te pakihi.
mōrea:
– Te mōrearea nama, arā, te tūponotanga ka kore tetahi rōpū e whakatutuki i ana herenga.
– Te mōrearea mākete nā ngā panonitanga o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga e pā ana ki ngā reiti huamoni, ki ngā reiti whakawhiti moni rānei.
d. Ngā Kaiwhakamua
Ko ngā kirimana whakamua he kirimana whakarite hei hoko, hei hoko atu rānei i tētahi rawa i tētahi utu kua whakaaetia i tētahi rā kei te heke mai. Kāore i rite ki ngā kirimana ā-mua, kāore ngā kirimana whakamua e hokohokohia ana i runga i ngā whakawhitinga moni engari mā roto i ngā mākete hokohoko kore-utu (OTC).
Fitur:
– Kāore i te paerewahia, nō reira he tino ngāwari.
– Ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenganui i ngā rōpū e rua, me te kore he takawaenga.
Putanga:
– Ngāwari te whakarerekē i ngā tikanga me ngā here o te kirimana.
– Kāore he whakaritenga mō te tawhē.
mōrea:
– Te mōrearea o te whakamatenga nā te korenga o tētahi takawaenga pēnei i te whare whakawātea.
– Ngā mate ka pā mai mēnā ka kore tetahi rōpū e utu.
3. Ngā Painga me ngā Mōrearea o te Hokohoko Pānga
He nui ngā painga o ngā hua whakawhiti moni pēnei i te whakahaere mōrearea (te ārai i ngā mōrearea), te whakapae me te iti o te huanga, te whai huatanga o te tohatoha whakapaipai me te mārama ake o te utu mō ētahi hua.
Heoi anō, he nui ngā mōrearea kei roto i ngā huamoni. Ka tino uaua, ka uaua hoki ki te mārama, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o ngā hapa. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakamahinga o te huanga i roto i ngā huamoni ka arahi pea ki ngā mate nui atu i te haumitanga tuatahi. Kei reira anō ngā mōrearea moni, inā koa mō ngā huamoni e hokohokohia ana i ngā mākete kore utu. Kei reira anō hoki ngā mōrearea pūnaha, pērā i ngā raruraru mākete ka pā ki te pūnaha pūtea katoa, e kitea ana i te raruraru pūtea o te tau 2008.
4. Te Tūranga o ngā Hua Whakaputa i roto i te Ōhanga o te Ao
He mea nui te mahi a ngā hua whakawhiti i roto i te ōhanga o te ao hei taputapu whakahaere mōrearea me te kohi pūtea. Ka whakamahia ēnei e ngā peeke, e ngā umanga, e ngā kāwanatanga, me ngā kaipupuri moni takitahi hei ārai i ā rātou putea, hei raka i ngā utu ā muri ake nei mō ngā taonga, me te whakapae, hei whakatau rānei i ngā whai wāhitanga utu.
Heoi, he mea nui kia maumahara ko te whakamahi i ngā tāke tārewa me te kore e mārama tika ka taea te mōrearea. Nō reira, he maha ngā whenua e whakahaere ana i te hokohoko tāke tārewa hei tiaki i ngā kaipupuri moni me te pupuri i te pumau o te mākete.
5. Te Ture mō ngā Hua Whakaputa
Kei te whakahaerehia te mākete whakawhiti moni e ngā rōpū whakahaere maha o te ao. Hei tauira, i te Hononga o Amerika, kei te whakahaerehia ngā ture e te Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) me te Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Ko te whāinga matua o ēnei ture he whakarite kia mārama te mākete me te tiaki i ngā kaipupuri moni mai i ngā mahi hokohoko hē.
6. Whakamutunga
He uaua ngā taputapu pūtea a ngā hua tāpiri, engari he tino whai hua ina whakamahia tika, ā, he tika hoki te whakahaere. Ko te mārama ki ngā momo hua tāpiri - ngā mea kei te heke mai, ngā kōwhiringa, ngā whakawhiti, me ngā mea kei te heke mai - me ō rātou hokinga mai me ngā mōrearea pea te mea nui hei whakanui ake i ō rātou painga me te whakaiti i ngā mate. I roto i te ōhanga hurihuri o ēnei rā, he mea nui te mahi a ngā hua tāpiri i roto i te whakahaere mōrearea me te whakamahere rautaki pūtea.
Mā te mārama ake ki ngā hua whakawhiti, ka taea e ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā kaiuru mākete te whakatau whai whakaaro me te whai hua ake i roto i ā rātou rautaki whakahaere mōrearea me te haumi.
