Me pēhea te haumi i roto i te mākete pūtea Sharia
Kei te piki haere te rongonui o te haumi ki te mākete whakapaipai Ihirama nā te mea he whai wāhitanga mō te tipu rawa me te piri ki ngā mātāpono Ihirama, pērā i te karo i te huamoni (riba), te gharar (te koretake), me te maysir (te whakapae). I Initonīhia, kei te tere te whanaketanga o te pūnaha mākete whakapaipai Ihirama, me te maha o ngā taputapu—mai i ngā hea Ihirama me ngā sukuk (ngā here Ihirama) ki ngā pūtea tahi Ihirama—me te tautoko ture me te rārangi whakahoutanga o ngā hea Ihirama. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga me pēhea te haumi ki te mākete whakapaipai Ihirama i roto i te huarahi whaihua, hanganga, me te rite ki ngā mātāpono whānui e tika ana.
1. Te Mārama ki te Ariā o ngā Mākete Pūtea Ihirama
Ko te mākete whakapaipai Ihirama he mahi mākete whakapaipai, ā, kāore ngā tukanga me ngā hua e taupatupatu ana ki ngā mātāpono Sharia. Ko te tikanga me tutuki ngā taputapu kua tīpakohia i ngā paearu Sharia, ā, me whakahaere ngā mahi haumi i runga i te matatika me te mārama.
I Initonīhia, ko te Rārangi Pūtea Sharia (DES) i whakaputaina e te Mana Ratonga Pūtea (OJK) me te whakahoutia i ia wā, he tohutoro e whakamahia pinepinetia ana. Mā te DES ka āwhina i ngā kaipupuri moni ki te whiriwhiri i ngā hea me ētahi atu taputapu e tutuki ana i ngā mātāpono sharia. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā tāurangi pēnei i te Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) me te ISSI (Indonesian Sharia Stock Index) ka taea te whakamahi hei paearu tuatahi mō te aromatawai i te mahi a te kohinga hea e tutuki ana i ngā ture sharia.
2. Whakatauhia ngā Whāinga me te Kōtaha Mōrearea
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i mua i te hoko i tētahi taputapu ko te whakatau i ō whāinga haumi. Kei te penapena koe mō te mātauranga, mō te Hajj, mō te hoko whare, mō te whakarite rānei mō te reti? Ka pā tēnei whāinga ki tō whiringa taputapu, ki te pae wā, me te rautaki whakahaere mōrearea.
Whai muri i tēnā, tautuhia tō kōtaha mōrearea:
– Ātaahua: he pai ake te noho tahi me ngā piki me ngā heke iti, he pai mō ngā moni tahi a te sukuk, a te mākete moni sharia rānei.
– Taurite: e hiahia ana ki te tu atu i ngā piki me ngā heke o te uara kia nui ake ai ngā hua, e tika ana mō ngā tahua moni tahi sharia whakauru/pūmau.
– Pukuriri: kua rite ki te aro atu ki ngā pikinga me ngā hekenga koi mō te pūmanawa o ngā hokinga mai teitei, he pai mō ngā hea sharia, ngā tahua tahi hea sharia rānei.
He mea nui te āhua o te mōrearea kia kore ai koe e whakatau ohorere i te wā e pōrearea ana te mākete.
3. Te Kōwhiri i te Taputapu Hāumi Sharia Tika
Anei ētahi o ngā taputapu matua o te mākete whakapaipai Ihirama:
a) Ngā Hea Sharia
Ko ngā hea e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te Sharia he hea i roto i ngā kamupene e tutuki ana ā rātou mahi pakihi me ā rātou hanganga pūtea i ngā paearu e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te Sharia. Ko tō rātou painga he nui te pūmanawa tipu, engari he nui ake hoki te mōrearea nā te mea ka rerekē haere ngā utu hea i ia rā.
He pai mō: ngā whāinga wā-waenga-roa me ngā kaipupuri moni e rite ana ki te aro atu ki te piki me te heke o te uara.
b) Sukuk (Ngā Here Sharia)
Ko ngā sukuk he herenga ā-ture sharia e tohu ana i te mana o tētahi rawa, kaupapa rānei, mā te whakamahi i ngā kirimana ā-ture sharia (hei tauira, ijarah, mudharabah, wakalah rānei). Ko te tikanga, he pumau ngā hokinga mai o ngā sukuk ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hea.
He pai mō: ngā kaipupuri moni e hiahia ana ki te whiwhi moni auau me te pumau.
c) Ngā Pūtea Tahi Sharia
Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere haumi e whakahaere ana i ngā pūtea tahi e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te Sharia, ā, kei roto i ā rātou putea he taputapu e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te Sharia anake. He pai ngā pūtea tahi e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te Sharia mō ngā tīmatanga nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia te whiriwhiri i ngā hea takitahi.
Ko ngā momo ko:
– Ngā pūtea tahi o te mākete moni Sharia
– Ngā tahua moni whiwhi pumau Sharia
– Ngā pūtea whakakotahi Sharia
– Ngā pūtea tahi hea Sharia
He pai mō: te hunga tīmata, te hunga haumi e hiahia ana ki te mahi whai hua, me te hunga e hiahia ana ki te kanorau aunoa.
d) ETF Sharia (Mēnā kei te wātea i runga i tō pūhara)
He rite ngā ETF e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga Sharia ki ngā tahua tahi e hokohokohia ana i runga i ngā whakawhitinga pērā i ngā hea. Ka whaihia e ngā taputapu ngā taupū motuhake, ā, ka taea te hokohoko i roto i te rā.
He pai mō: ngā kaipupuri moni e hiahia ana ki te kanorau pērā i ngā tahua tahi engari ki te ngāwari pērā i ngā hea.
4. Te whakatuwhera i tētahi Pūkete Pūtea Sharia
Hei tīmata haumi, me whakatuwhera e koe he pūkete ki tētahi umanga haumi e tuku ana i ngā pūkete haumi e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga Sharia. Ko ngā mahi matua koia ēnei:
1. Kōwhiria ngā hea kei a rātou ngā ratonga sharia (e kiia ana ko te Sharia Online Trading System/SOTS).
2. Whakaritea ngā tuhinga: KTP, NPWP (mēnā he), pukapuka penapena, me te waitohu.
3. Whāia te tukanga rēhita tuihono/tuimotu.
4. Kia whakaaetia, ka whiwhi koe i tētahi Pūkete Moni Kaihoko (RDN) me tētahi pūkete hea.
Mā ngā ratonga SOTS, ka āwhina te pūnaha ki te tātari i ngā tauwhitinga mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga Sharia—hei tauira, te karo i ngā hea ehara i te Sharia, ngā tauwhitinga rānei e kore e hangai ki ētahi mātāpono.
5. Tīmata ki tētahi Rautaki Māmā, Whai Tikanga hoki
Hei arotahi ake i ō haumitanga, whakamahia ngā rautaki ngāwari ki te whakatinana, inā koa mō te hunga tīmata:
a) Tīmata mai i te iti o te moni
Kāore he take e tatari ai mō te moni nui. Tīmata ki te moni kāore e pāngia e ngā hiahia taketake. Ko te mea nui ko te auau.
b) Whakamahia te Toharite Utu Tāra (DCA)
Ko te DCA he rautaki hokohoko auau (hei tauira, ia marama) i tētahi nui kua whakaritea. Mā tēnei rautaki ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te hē o te wā nā te mea ka hoko koe i ngā utu rerekē.
c) Te kanorau
Kaua e waiho ō moni katoa ki te hea kotahi, ki te rāngai kotahi rānei. Ka taea e koe te whakakotahi i ēnei:
– Ngā hea Sharia mō te tipu
– Ngā moni whiwhi pūmau a te sukuk, arā, ngā moni whiwhi pumau sharia rānei, hei tautoko i te pumau
– Ngā pūtea tahi mākete moni Sharia mō ngā pūtea rahui wai
Mā te kanorau ka āwhina i ngā putea kia kaha ake te ātete ki te piki me te heke.
6. Tātarihia ngā hea Sharia me te whakaaro nui
Mena ka whiriwhiria e koe ngā hea sharia, e rua ngā huarahi whānui:
– Tātaritanga taketake: te aromatawai i te mahi pakihi a te kamupene, te hua, te rere o te moni, ngā tūmanakohanga ahumahi, te kounga whakahaere, me te aromatawai (hei tauira, PER, PBV).
– Tātari hangarau: te pānui i ngā nekehanga utu me te rahinga tauwhitinga hei whakatau i te wā e hoko/hoko atu ai.
Ko te tikanga, he haumaru ake ngā kaipupuri moni tīmata ki te tīmata me ngā kaupapa taketake māmā: whiriwhiria ngā kamupene he mārama ngā tauira pakihi, he pai ngā tauākī pūtea, ā, he pumau te tipu. Kaua e hoko hea nā te mea he "rongonui" noa iho, nā te mea rānei kei te rongonui haere.
7. Te Whakapūmau i te Whakatutukitanga o ngā Ture Sharia i roto i te Huarahi Whaihua
Hei whakarite kia noho tonu ngā haumitanga i raro i te Sharia:
1. Tirohia te DES: kia tino whakaurua ngā hea/pūtea ki te Rārangi Pūtea Sharia hou.
2. Whakamahia ngā SOTS: whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga hē.
3. Āta karohia te hokohoko tawhē me ngā tauhokohoko whakapae nui rawa: ka taea e ētahi mahi te arahi ki ngā āhuatanga kāore e rite ki ngā mātāpono Sharia.
4. Kia mārama ki te whakaaetanga/hanganga hua: inā koa mō ngā sukuk, ngā hua hanganga rānei.
Mena kei te ruarua koe, ka taea e koe te pātai ki te kamupene hokohoko, ki te kaiwhakahaere haumi, ki te rapu rānei i ngā puna mana mai i te OJK me te BEI.
8. Te Whakahaere i ngā Kare ā-roto me te Hanga Mahere mō te Wā Roa
He maha ngā kaipupuri moni e hinga ana, ehara i te mea nā te kore o te mohio, engari nā te mea ka noho kare ā-roto rātou: ka mataku ina heke ngā utu, ka apo rānei ina piki ngā utu. Hei karo i tēnei:
– Waihangahia he mahere haumi tuhituhi (ngā whāinga, ngā wā e hiahiatia ana, ngā taputapu, ngā wāhanga).
– Whakatauhia te rohe mōrearea.
Arotakehia tō putea i ia wā, hei tauira, i ia 3–6 marama, kaua i ia haora.
– Arotahi ki ngā whāinga roa, kaua ki ngā mahi o ia rā.
9. Ngā Hapa Noa hei Ārai
Ko ētahi hapa e puta pinepine ana i te tīmatanga o ngā haumitanga sharia:
– Te hoko hea me te kore e mārama ki te pakihi.
– Kāore he kanorau.
– Te whakamahi i ngā moni ohorere mō ngā haumitanga mōrearea nui.
– Kua mau i roto i ngā "tohutohu" kāore he tātaritanga.
– Te kore e tirotiro i te mana sharia o te taputapu i ia wā.
Mā te karo i ēnei hapa ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te whakatutuki i ngā hua ōrite.
10. Whakamutunga: Tīmata mai i te Halal, Te Tipu me te Mātauranga
He huarahi tika te haumi ki te mākete whakapaipai Ihirama ki te hanga taonga me te whai kawenga. Ko te mea nui ko te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake, te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu e tika ana mō tō kōtaha mōrearea, te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha e tautoko ana i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga Sharia, me te whakatinana i ngā rautaki whai tikanga pērā i te DCA me te kanorau. I roto i te wā, whakapai ake i tō mātauranga pūtea—nā te mea ko ngā haumitanga pai rawa atu ko ngā mea e māramahia ana, e whakatinanahia ana me te manawanui, ā, e mau tonu ana i roto i te anga Sharia.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi putanga o tēnei tuhinga mō tētahi hunga whakarongo motuhake (hei tauira, ngā tīmatanga, ngā ākonga, ngā kaimahi rānei), me ngā tauira tohatoha putea me ngā mahi taipitopito ake mō te whakatuwhera i tētahi pūkete ki SOTS.
